There are many immune checkpoints in the body which serve different functions. Some Immune checkpoints are molecules involved in the maintenance of immunologic homeostasis, and therefore help to maintain peripheral tolerance to self-molecules. Other immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD- 1, are important for augmenting or inhibiting the immune response. Yervoy (Ipilimumab) and Opdivo (Nivolumab) are monoclonal antibodies developed to target CTLA-4 and PD-1 respectively to augment the immune s...

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) in children was first defined by Hamman in 1939, Its Association to a posterior tracheal tear is even more uncommon. We report the case of an 18-month-child that presented a SPM associated to a posterior tracheal tear. The patient had no medical history and presented two days before her admission a dry cough and a shortness of breath. The radiological investigation showed a pneumomediastinum with an extensive subcutaneous emphysema and a posterior tear in the ...

The vestibular papillae (VP) represent an anatomical variant of the normal genital epithelium and are probably the female equivalent of pearly penile papules. It is thought that they are present in 1% of women, and this low percentage may be due to their lack of knowledge by practitioners since their diagnosis are often wrongly spotted as condyloma acuminates warts and this can lead to aggressive investigations, therapy, and anxiety in patients hence the role of dermoscopy. Here, we present a ca...