Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first discovered in Wuhan, China. The disease has caused over 80 million total cases recorded globally with deaths nearly reaching 2 million. In the Philippines, more than 400,000 cases were recorded at the start of the year 2021...

Global population growth and rising health concerns have highlighted the importance of developing effective vaccination strategies, and subunit vaccines hold great promise for meeting market demand. Compared to traditional whole-cell vaccines, subunit vaccines contain only a part of the infectious microorganism to induce an immune response against the main pathogen. ...