Table 1: Causes of transient UI (DIAPPERS).
D- Delirium | Incontinence is a secondary feature and resolves once delirium improve. Common causes of delirium include acute medical conditions like stroke, infection, pain, fractures, medications, changes in environment, recent surgery, etc. |
I- Symptomatic urinary infection | Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common among the elderly and does not cause UI. |
A- Atrophic vaginitis | Causes local irritability and contributes to UI. |
P- Pharmacological | Anticholinergics, diuretics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, sedatives/hypnotics, anti-Parkinson's treatment, etc. |
P- Psychological | Depression. |
E- Excessive urine output | Diabetes Insipidus, excess fluid intake, diuretics- incl alcohol and caffeinated drinks, heart failure. Peripheral oedema. |
R- Restricted mobility | Immobility due to restraint use, pain, lower limb arthritis, functional decline. |
S- Stool impaction |