Table 1: Baseline
characteristics of studies and patient population.
List
of selected studies with their demographics, duration, sample size, gender
population, mean age, radiation doses, and cardiovascular outcomes. |
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Author/Publication
year Type
of study |
Country |
Duration (years) |
Sample (#) |
Male (%) |
Female (%) |
Mean
age (years) |
Diagnosis
of CV disease |
Diagnosis
of NAFLD |
CV
outcome, incidence and prevalence* |
Study
adjustments |
El Azeem 2013, Prospective study |
Saudi Arabia |
3.0 |
268 |
50.0 |
50.0 |
51.4 (± 11.3) |
Hospital records, EKG |
Liver ultrasound |
CV mortality, 50.7% |
No adjustments |
Hamaguchi 2007, Retrospective
study |
Japan |
5.0 |
1221 |
61.0 |
39.0 |
49.1 (± 8.7) |
Self
reporting questionnaire, metabolic syndrome based on waste
circumference |
Liver ultrasound |
CV events, 1.8% |
No adjustments |
Haring 2009, Retrospective
study |
Germany |
7.3 |
4160 |
49.0 |
51.0 |
49.0 (± 1.0) |
ICD 10 Codes |
GGT > ULN |
CV mortality, 7.5% |
age in decades, waist
circumference, alcohol consumption, physical activity, educational level,
civil status, equalized income, and functional comorbidity index |
Liver ultrasound |
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Hwang 2018, Retrospective
study |
South Korea |
5.7 |
82899 |
75.6 |
24.4 |
41.6 (± 10.7) |
Death certificate, ICD
10 Codes |
Liver ultrasound |
CV mortality, 11.0% |
No adjustments |
Lee 2006, Prospective study |
Finland |
12.0 |
2862 |
47.9 |
52.1 |
48.0 (± 1.0) |
Fatal and non fatal events ( ICD 8,9,10 Codes) |
GGT > 64 U/L M |
CVD events, 4.0% CV mortality, 3.4% |
age, BMI, cigarette
smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity, SBP, total cholesterol,
HDL- cholesterol |
GGT > 32 U/L F |
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Lu 2009, Cross-sectional survey |
China |
7.0 |
421 |
62.7 |
37.3 |
56.4 (± 6.6) |
Patient history,
symptoms, EKG findings, LHC |
Liver ultrasound |
CV events, 38.7%* |
BMI: Body Mass Index;
WC: Waist Circumference; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood
pressure; FBG: Fasting Blood Glucose; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total
Cholesterol; HDL-C: High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density
lipoprotein Cholesterol; ALT: Alanine Aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase;
GGT: g-Glutamyltransferase; FIns:
Fasting Insulin; MetS: Metabolic Syndrome |
ALT > 40 IU/L |
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Ruttmann 2005, Prospective study |
Austria |
17.0 |
8795 |
56.5 |
23.5 |
42.0 (± 15.0) |
ICD 9 Codes |
GGT > 56 U/L |
CV mortality, 2.1%
male and 4.3% females |
Age, body mass index,
systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, smoking, work
status, and year of examination. |
Stepanova 2012, Retrospective
study |
USA |
6.0 |
2492 |
52.8 |
47.2 |
54.0 (± 1.0) |
Self
reported history |
Liver ultrasound |
CV mortality, 3.76% |
No adjustments |
Yun 2008, Retrospective
study |
South Korea |
5.0 |
4022 |
80.5 |
19.5 |
50.0 (± 8.0) |
ICD 10 Codes |
ALT > 40 IU/L |
CV mortality, 22.0% |
Age, sex, past
medical history, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, education, income, BMI,
systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose,
total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and calculated glomerular
filtration rate |
Zheng 2018, Retrospective
study |
China |
1.0 |
1571 |
64.4 |
35.6 |
56.2 (± 11.2) |
CIMT, ba-BWV |
Liver biopsy |
CIMT, 43.8%* |
Age and gender, BMI,
regular exercise and current smoking, WC, TG, LDL-C, diabetes mellitus and
hypertension |
ICD: International
Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems; CV: Cardiovascular;
EKG: Electrocardiogram; LHC: Left Heart Catheterization; CIMT: Carotid Intima
Media Thickness; ba-PMV: Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave
Velocity; GGT: Gamma-Glutamyltransferase; ALT: Alanine
Transaminase; BMI: Body Mass Index; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; HDL: High-Density
Lipoproteins; AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase; WC: Waist Circumference; LDL: Low-Density
Lipoproteins