Table 1: Outcome measures for DSME [33,41].
Short-term outcomes |
Intermediate (process) outcomes |
Long-term outcomes |
· Glycaemic control HbA1c Blood glucose· Physiologic outcomes Weight Lipid profiles Foot lesions Blood pressure Microalbuminuria Retinopathy· Lifestyle Physical activity Diet Smoking· Mental health outcomes Depression Anxiety· Work-related outcomes Work days lost Restricted duty days |
· Knowledge · Skills Problem-solving skills SMBG Medication administration (including insulin)· Psychosocial outcomes Self-efficacy Health beliefs Mood Attitude Coping skills Self-assessed health status Locus of control Perceived barriers to adherence· Healthcare system outcomes Regular source of care Regular visits Availability of patient’s education Medication adherence Screening foot and eye exams Monitoring of glycaemic control Monitoring of CVD risk factors |
· Macro vascular complications Peripheral vascular disease Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease· Micro vascular complications Retinopathy Nephropathy Peripheral neuropathy Periodontal disease Foot lesion, amputations· Mortality · Quality of life Disability/function· Economic outcomes Outpatient utilisation Hospitalization rates Cost Cost-effectiveness and cost benefits |