Table 4: Different wall materials applied for encapsulation of pharmaceuticals by nano spray drying (n.a. = not available).
Encapsulation wall materials (excipient) | Solvent | T in (℃) | T out (℃ ) | Drying gas (L/min) | Particle size(µm) | Solid sample amount (mg) | Product yield (%) | References |
Arabic gum, whey protein, maltodextrin, polyvinyl alcohol and modified starch |
Water | 100 | 38 to 60 | 100 | 0.2 to 1.1 | 30 to 300 | 43 to 95 | [10] |
Sodium alginate (polysaccharide) | Water | 110 | n.a. | 100 | 0.4 to 1.2 | n.a. | > 90 | [67] |
Trehalose, mannitol or disodium phosphate surfactant, polysorbate |
Water | 60 to 100 | 30 to 45 | 115 | 0.3 to 3 | 10 to 50 | 50 to 78 | [11,12,27] |
Leucine (amino acid, dispersing agent), Trehalose (stabilizer, increases shelf life) |
Water | 75 | 45 | 100 | 2.1 to 5.4 | n.a. | n.a. | [29] |
Nanosuspension of mannitol and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) |
Water | 80 | 32 to 39 | 140 | 1.1 to 7.2 | n.a. | n.a. | [70] |
Chitosan (biopolymer, fat blocker) | Water, Acetic acid | 120 | 55 | 130 | 0.6 to 1.6 | n.a. | n.a. | [83] |
PLGA (biodegradable polymer) | Dichloro-methane (DCM) | 30 to 50 | 20 to 30 | 100 | 2.8 to 4.4 | n.a. | n.a. | [33] |
PLGA suspensions | DCM | 30 to 50 | 20 to 30 | 100 | 0.3 to 1.7 | n.a. | n.a. | [33] |
PLGA (fine carrier supports) | DCM | n.a. | n.a. | 100 (N2/CO2) | 1 to 16 | n.a. | n.a. | [84] |
PLGA and stabilizers (poloxamer, surfactant) |
Acetone, Ethyl acetate, DCM, | 50 to 90 | 29 to 36 | 115 (N2/CO2) | 2.4 to 8 | 1'080 to 1'350 | 60 to 85 | [44] |
Hypromellose (hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose, for oral medicaments) |
Acetone | 36 - 68 | n.a. | 90 to 120 | 2 to 10 | 800 | 75 to 91 | [50] |