Table 3:Physiological, strength and performance parameters measured pre- and post-training for male and female swimmers.

Variable Pre Post Percentage change (%) Effect size
Flexibility (SRT) (cm) 17.9 ± 7.6 19.3 ± 7.3 7.4 (↑) -0.25
CMJ (cm) 25.2 ± 4.2 29.4 ± 5.2* 16.8 (↑) -1.26
HG strength right (kg) 22.9 ± 7.9 24.1 ± 6.3 5.2 (↑) -0.24
HG strength left (kg) 22.5 ± 7.0 22.4 ± 4.3 0.5 (↓) 0.03
Back and leg strength (kg) 71.1 ± 15.7 90.9 ± 14.7* 28.0 (↑) -1.85
Push ups (number in 60 s) 30.7 ± 9.1 41.9 ± 7.9* 36.6 (↑) -1.86
Sit ups (number in 60 s) 30.8 ± 6.2 35.0 ± 6.1 13.7 (↑) -0.97
VO2peak (ml.kg.min-1) 43.5 ± 5.9 43.9 ± 9.3 1.0 (↑) -0.08
Time to 5.5 m (s) 2.1 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.3* 14.6 (↑)¥ -1.70
100 m frontcrawl (s) 69.1 ± 6.5 68.4 ± 6.0 1.1 (↓) 0.26

N = 9 All values are means ( ± SD). *indicates significant differences between pre and post (p < 0.05); ¥indicates a performance decrement. (↑) indicates a percentage increase; (↓) indicates a percentage decrease; Flexibility (SRT) = hamstring and lower back flexibility; CMJ = countermovement jump; HG = handgrip. A negative effect size indicates an increase in score from pre- to post-training.