Table 1: Clinical characteristics of the study population according to the presence of cardiovascular disease.

Overall (n = 4, 304; 100%) CV disease (n = 707; 16.4%) No CV disease (n = 3,597; 83.6%) P
Biodemographic data
Mean age (years) 57.5 ± 13.5 64.1 ± 12.8 56.2 ± 14.5 0.0001
Gender, male (%) 45.1 54.3 43.2 0.0001
Habitat (%)
Urban
Semi-urban
Rural

52.9
26.0
21.1

51.3
25.1
23.6

53.2
26.2
20.6
NS
Physical examination
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 129.2 ± 15.7 131.5 ± 15.6 128.7 ± 15.8 0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 76.6 ± 10.2 76.4 ± 10.3 76.7 ± 10.2 NS
Heart rate (bpm) 73.2 ± 10.5 72.5 ± 10.5 73.4 ± 10.5 0.043
Body mass index (Kg/m2) 28.6 ± 5.1 29.7 ± 5.3 28.4 ± 5.1 0.0001
Waist circumference (cm) 96.1 ± 14.2 99.4 ± 14.4 95.5 ± 14.1 0.0001
Cardiovascular risk factors
Dyslipidemia (%) 50.1 66.9 46.8 0.0001
Hypertension (%) 47.7 67.5 43.9 0.0001
Metabolic syndrome (%) 38.4 51.1 36.0 0.0001
Obesity (%) 34.6 41.9 33.2 0.0001
Abdominal obesity (%) 30.7 37.0 29.5 0.0001
Sedentary lifestyle (%) 30.6 34.8 29.8 0.011
Diabetes (%) 18.7 30.3 16.5 0.0001
Smoking status (%)
Active smoker
Never smoker
Ex-smoker

18.1
52.4
29.5

15.8
48.2
36.0

18.5
53.2
28.3
0.0001
Family history of CV disease (%) 16.9 37.0 13.0 0.0001
Excessive alcohol intake (%) 13.0 14.5 12.7 NS
Organ damage
Any target organ damage (%) 25.6 49.4 21.0 0.0001
Micro albuminuria (%) 8.0 15.7 6.5 0.0001
Left ventricular hypertrophy (%) 4.3 12.4 2.7 0.0001
Ankle brachial index < 0.9 (%) 2.0 12.4 0 0.0001
Vascular disease
Chronic kidney disease (MDRD) (%) 9.5 16.2 8.2 0.0001
Ischemic heart disease (%) 7.3 44.7 0 0.0001
Stroke (%) 4.2 25.5 0 0.0001
Peripheral artery disease (%) 3.1 19.0 0 0.0001
Heart failure (%) 3.0 18.1 0 0.0001
Atrial fibrillation (%)
CHADS2 score
CHA2DS2-VASC score
HAS-BLED score
5.1
1.5 ± 1.0
2.6 ± 1.3
1.2 ± 0.8
15.6
2.8 ± 1.3
4.4 ± 1.5
1.6 ± 0.9
3.0
1.2 ± 0.9
2.3 ± 1.3
1.1 ± 0.8
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.001

CV: Cardiovascular.