Table 2: Key points of the search results in Tanzania.

HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma
Aggarwal, et al. [10] Gaps in HIV knowledge. Participants interacting with PLWA were less likely to stigmatize others.
Agnarson, et al. [11] Need to focus on stigma reduction with awareness and understand risky behaviors for individuals and on a community level.
Amuri, et al. [2] 1,130 men and 1,803 women interviewed. 58% "HIV/AIDS is punishment for sinning". People from the poorest households (without enough food in the last week) were more likely to believe HIV/AIDS is punishment for sinning.
Lyimo, et al. [8] 158 HIV-infected patients. Perceived stigma is primarily related to involuntary disclosure, whereas self-stigma is related to voluntary disclosure.
Maswanya, et al. [6] 20 qualitative interviews, college students. Fear of HIV/AIDS related stigma increasing stigma and isolation against them. Results further demonstrate that HIV/AIDS related stigma is still a very serious problem in Tanzania. Lack of HIV/AIDS related knowledge was one of the most important determinants of AIDS-related stigma.
Mhode M, et al. [7] Participants had many forms of HIV-related stigma such as verbal, social, and perceived stigma, along with discrimination. Mistreatment by health care workers, blame and rejection by spouses, and workplace discrimination. Hiding HIV status as a result.
Roura, et al. [5] Qualitative interviews and community activities: 91 community leaders, 77 ART clients and 16 health providers. Blaming attitudes present with stigma. Fear of ART users regaining health, increasing in sexual relations and "spread the disease". Fears provoked some leaders to suggest giving ART recipients drugs "for impotence", marking them "with a sign" and putting them "in isolation camps".
Roura, et al. [4] As long as there are moral associations there will be stigma with HIV. Create an enabling environment for HIV status disclosure, treatment continuation, and safer sexual behaviors. Local leaders should be educated and empowered to address the blame-dimension of HIV stigma.
Cultural & Gender Roles
Cawley, et al. [23] Imbalanced gender-power dynamics. Understand the extent to which women felt able to control their HIV-related risk. "HIV prevention counselling based on a Western model of individual-level agency seems unlikely to make a significant contribution to sexual behavior change until there is greater recognition by counsellors of the ways in which power dynamics within many relationships influence behavior change". Culturally appropriate counseling strategies and messages.
Fehringer, et al. [25] CP (concurrent sexual partnerships). Parents have encouraged CPs through silence when their daughters come home with money. "These results suggest that parents can influence their children's decision to engage in CPs". HIV interventions should address this by family communication, disease risks, and gender imbalances.
Kaufman, et al. [26] Culture healing tea: Kikombe cha babu. 44.0% of people believe such treatments can cure HIV. Belief with decreased condom use (15.6%), no need to use condoms (94.9%), and no need to take antiretroviral therapy (81.7%).
Nyamhanga, et al. [24] Qualitative case study focusses groups. Women with economic burden experienced more sexual violence. Married women experience a sexual risk of acquiring HIV from gender imbalance and cultural norms of masculine intra and extramarital sex.
Zou, et al. [3] Self-administered survey for parishioners (n = 438) (Catholic, Lutheran, and Pentecostal churches). Shame-related HIV stigma is strongly associated with religious beliefs: HIV is a punishment from God (p < 0.01) or PLWHA have not followed their Bible (p < 0.001).
HIV Knowledge & Education
Epsley, et al. [20] Village AIDS committees (VAC). 100% of participants requesting further HIV training. There were increased HIV knowledge levels following short educational sessions.
Eustace, et al. [22] 34 stakeholders. There is a need to understand the family role for HIV/AIDS education in the community and for health providers.
Haile ZT, et al. [19] 10,299 women. Results showed only 46% of participants had adequate knowledge on MTCT and PMTCT of HIV.
Maswanya ES, et al. [6] Fear of HIV and stigmatizing. "Results further demonstrate that HIV/AIDS related stigma is still a very serious problem in Tanzania. Lack of HIV/AIDS related knowledge and the life-threatening character of the disease were seen as the most important determinants of AIDS-related stigma".
South, et al. [18] 5,575 women, 3,886 men surveyed. HIV misconceptions were common: kissing (55% of women, 43% of men), or mosquito bites (42% of women, 34% of men). Odds of VCT use were lower among those with poor HIV knowledge. "Further HIV-related information, education and communication activities are urgently needed to improve VCT uptake in rural Tanzania".
Vaga, et al. [21] HIV care and education cannot be a global model. There needs to be a socio-cultural context for training. In Tanzania quality care is considered with nurses' authority and personal engagement.
Yonah G, et al. [9] Cross-sectional study, 270 HIV patients. Negative outcomes following disclosure. Need to increase health education and awareness for individuals and communities, and to increase disclosure.