Table 1: Medications implicated in drug-associated bullous pemphigoid.
Level of evidence |
Commonly used drugs |
Drugs used infrequently |
Extensive evidence |
Sitagliptin Acetylsalicylic acid Linagliptin Furosemide Ibuprofen Levofloxacin Enalapril |
Vildagliptin Etanercept Alogliptin Nivolumab Anagliptin Pembrolizumab Psoralens with UVA Sirolimus |
Temporal relationship between the onset of symptoms and the use of medications in young adults or spontaneous resolution upon cessation of the probable inducer. |
Amoxicillin Ampicillin Hydrochlorothiazide Ciprofloxacin Spironolactone Metronidazole Cephalexin Fluoxetine Chloroquine Gabapentin Rosuvastatin Celecoxib Diclofenac Losartan Metamizole |
Adalimumab Sulfasalazine Infliximab Terbinafine BumetanidePenicilin Hepatitis B vaccineGriseofulvin |
Temporal relationship between the onset of symptoms and the use of medications in older adults. |
Omeprazole Amlodipine Enoxaparin Captopril Escitalopram Valsartan Iodine Nifedipine |
Amantadine Photodynamic therapy Influenza vaccine Risperidone Levetiracetam Timolol Mesalazine |
Adapted from: A systematic review of drug-associated bullous pemphigoid by Liu SD, et al. and a systematic review of drug-associated bullous pemphigoid by Verheyden, et al.