Table 3: Risk factors for each outcome of events using morning hypertension at end-point in 116 obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

 

Variable events

Death event

Microvascular event

Macrovascular event

 

Hazard ratio

P

Hazard ratio

P

Hazard ratio

P

Age (years)

1.08

0.0294

1.04

0.0569

1.19

0.1988

Gender (Male/Female)

0.71

0.4607

0.59

0.1381

0.27

0.0520

Diabetes duration (years)

1.00

0.3546

1.00

0.1715

1.00

0.9016

Laboratory variables

 

HbA1c (NGSP) (%)

0.83

0.3721

1.00

0.9501

0.70

0.2561

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

1.00

0.4746

1.00

0.8221

1.00

0.9713

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

1.00

0.4048

1.00

0.1825

1.01

0.2909

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

1.00

0.0864

1.00

0.0617

1.03

0.0844

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.6874

0.97

0.3555

 

Serum creatinine (mg/dl)

0.92

0.8610

0.8610

0.0510

1.01

0.9949

 

UAER (mg/g creatinine)

1.00

0.0378

0.0378

0.0761

1.00

     0.6406

Microvascular complications

1.55

0.3804

1.00

0.9980

 

 

Macrovascular complications

5.37

0.0039

8.19

< 0.0001

 

 

Medical treatment

 

Therapy for hypertension

0.16

0.0014

0.37

0.0133

0.22

0.0938

Therapy for diabetes mellitus

 

Non-insulin

2.75

0.3366

1.06

0.9140

9.44

0.1050

Insulin

0.82

0.8179

0.44

0.2787

8.52

0.1660

Therapy for dyslipidemia

1.19

0.7549

2.17

0.0372

0.42

0.3145

Therapy for hypercoagulation

2.79

0.0456

1.50

0.3294

36.8

< 0.0001

 

Therapy for other disease

0.56

0.3704

0.95

0.8999

2.46

0.2306

 

Each event was determined in obese patients with morning hypertension on the basis of home blood pressure (HBP) measured at end-point, as shown in the Table 1, which was determined by the log-rank test. The characteristics of participants related to each outcome at end-point and additional therapy, which is added to basal therapy at each end-point, were confounding factors. Blood pressure was excluded as a risk factor for each event in patients with morning hypertension using HBP. The same threshold of normotension with less than 130 mmHg of systolic blood pressure of HBP and clinic blood pressure at end-point in the text was used. The end-point was determined by the censoring date. Associated risk factors among the confounding factors were assessed using Cox proportional hazard analysis. Two-tailed values of P < 0.05 were defined as statistically significant.

Abbreviation: HDL: High density lipoprotein, LDL: Low density lipoprotein, NGSP: National glycohemoglobin standardization program, UAER: Urinary albumin excretion rate.