Table 2: Clinical presentation, laboratory values and severity of illness at presentation in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
|
|
African Americans n = 249 (%) |
Caucasians, n = 135 (%) |
Others, n = 16 (%) |
P-value |
|
Initial Clinical Presentation |
|
|
|
|
|
Cough |
137 (55) |
75 (55.6) |
11 (68.8) |
0.562 |
|
Shortness of breath |
165 (66.3) |
80 (59.3) |
14 (87.5) |
0.059 |
|
Fever |
166 (66.7) |
82 (60.7) |
12 (75) |
0.353 |
|
Fatigue |
74 (29.7) |
26 (19.3) |
7 (43.8) |
0.025 |
|
Myalgia |
30 (12) |
5 (3.7) |
2 (12.5) |
0.024 |
|
Arthralgia |
3 (1.2) |
1 (0.7) |
0 |
0.836 |
|
Altered mental status |
43 (17.3) |
30 (22.2) |
4 (25) |
0.42 |
|
Required respiratory support |
|
|
|
|
|
Oxygen per nasal cannula |
167 (67.1) |
89 (65.9) |
13 (81.2) |
0.464 |
|
HFNC |
16 (6.4) |
15 (11.1) |
2 (12.5) |
0.23 |
|
BiPAP |
18 (7.2) |
9 (6.7) |
1 (6.2) |
0.972 |
|
Mechanical ventilation |
58 (23.3) |
23 (17) |
3 (18.8) |
0.347 |
|
Vasopressors |
27 (10.8) |
9 (6.7) |
0 |
0.173 |
|
Cell counts |
|
|
|
|
|
Platelets > 150 × 103/µL |
167 (67.1) |
91 (67.4) |
11 (68.8) |
0.507 |
|
Platelets 100-149 × 103/µL |
67 (26.9) |
29 (21.5) |
4 (25) |
|
|
Platelets 50-99 × 103/µL |
11 (4.4) |
9 (6.7) |
1 (6.2) |
|
|
Platelets 20-49 × 103/µL |
2 (0.8) |
1 (0.7) |
0 |
|
|
Platelets < 20 × 103/µL |
1 (0.4) |
0 |
0 |
|
|
White blood cell/µL(Mean ± SD) |
7913 ± 4052 |
7864 ± 4361 |
8631 ± 4280 |
0.783 |
|
Neutrophils/µL (Mean ± SD) |
5914 ± 3517 |
5668 ± 3364 |
7224 ± 3921 |
0.256 |
|
Lymphocytes/µL (Mean ± SD) |
1110 ± 571 |
1108 ± 724 |
825 ± 424 |
0.223 |
|
Liver function tests |
|
|
|
|
|
AST (Units/L, Mean ± SD) |
92.1 ± 385 |
84 ± 384 |
43.7 ± 26 |
0.877 |
|
ALT (Units/L, Mean ± SD) |
78.6 ± 425 |
104.3 ± 762 |
38.3 ± 31 |
0.862 |
|
Bilirubin 1.2-1.9 mg/dL |
24 (9.6) |
10 (7.4) |
1 (6.2) |
0.005 |
|
Bilirubin < 1.2 mg/dL |
224 (90) |
116 (85.9) |
15 (93.8) |
|
|
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) |
|
|
|
0.101 |
|
> 60 |
116 (46.6) |
80 (59.3) |
10 (62.5) |
|
|
30-60 |
66 (26.5) |
29 (21.5) |
2 (12.5) |
|
|
< 30 |
38 (15.3) |
17 (12.6) |
2 (12.5) |
|
|
On HD or PD |
26 (10.4) |
5 (3.7) |
1 (6.2) |
|
|
Inflammatory markers |
|
|
|
|
|
C-reactive protein (mg/dL, Mean ± SD) |
10.2 ± 10.7 |
7.5 ± 8.3 |
11.2 ± 7.4 |
0.037 |
|
Procalcitonin (ng/mL, Mean ± SD) |
1.67 ± 7 |
4.1 ± 29.8 |
0.89 ± 2 |
0.458 |
|
Ferritin (ng/mL, Mean ± SD) |
1774 ± 4450 |
1079 ± 3849 |
1328 ± 921 |
0.348 |
|
D-dimer (µg/mL, Mean ± SD) |
2.42 ± 4.7 |
5.7 ± 34.9 |
1.39 ± 1.7 |
0.445 |
|
Lung imaging |
|
|
|
0.208 |
|
One lung affected |
38 (15.3) |
20 (14.8) |
3 (18.8) |
|
|
Both lungs affected |
156 (62.7) |
75 (55.6) |
13 (81.2) |
|
|
Lung involvement Severity score (Mean ± SD) |
3.2 ± 3.5 |
2.5 ± 2 |
3.3 ± 1.9 |
0.124 |
HFNC: High Flow Nasal Cannula; Bipap: Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure; AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine Aminotransferase; Egfr: Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate.
Among the clinical presentations, laboratory values and possible indicators of severity of illness presented in Table 2, higher rates of fatigue and myalgia and higher levels of CRP were seen in patients from other races followed by African Americans and Caucasians (P < 0.05).