Table 1: Prevalence of arterial hypertension, and associated factors in bivariate analyzes and multivariate models, in HIV/AIDS carriers.
N° |
Author/Year |
Country |
N |
Prevalence AH |
Associated variables in the bivariate analysis with AH. |
Associated variables in multivariate models with AH |
1
|
Arruda, et al. [10]
|
Brazil
|
958
|
25.6%
|
High TG, male sex, high BMI, CD4 count ≥ 200 cells / ml. |
|
2
|
Bernardino, et al. [34] |
Spain |
310 |
39.0% |
Central obesity, ART, family history of AH, advanced age and CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/ml. |
Family history of AH OR = 2.24 (p = 0.027), age increase OR = 1.08 (P < 0.001), number of different antiretroviral regimens OR = 1.2 (p = 0.001), and female gender OR = 0.27 (p = 0.02). |
3
|
Malaza, et al. [39]
|
South Africa
|
14198
|
27.9%
|
|
Obesity in men OR = 2.99 95% CI (2.00-4.48), in women OR = 1.64 95% CI (1.39-1.92) and obesity (BMI > 30) for men OR = 1.53 95% CI (1.14-2.06). |
4
|
Mateen, et al. [11]
|
Uganda
|
5563
|
27.9%
|
Black ethnicity, DM, high BMI, CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/ml, older age, and time of HIV/AIDS illness. |
|
5
|
Krauskopf, et al. [14] |
United States
|
2390 |
22.0% |
Smoking, high cholesterol, older age, and ART based PIs |
|
6
|
Nuesch, et al. [35]
|
Switzerland
|
10361
|
25.0%
|
Smoking, high total cholesterol, older age, and ART based PIs |
|
7 |
De Socio, et al. [12] |
Italy |
1182 |
29.3% |
Age ≥ 50 years, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, family history of CVD, previous cardiovascular event, central obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, time of HIV diagnosis (years) and time of exposure to ART. |
Age ≥ 50 years OR = 1.94 95% CI (1.46-2.56); men vs. women OR = 1.63 95% CI (1.18–2.26); BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 OR = 2.52 95% CI (1.91–3.33); family history of CVD OR = 1.58 95% CI (1.18-2.12); previous cardiovascular event OR = 3.14 95% CI (1.65-5.99); central obesity OR = 1.42 95% CI (1.03-1.97); Metabolic Syndrome OR = 5.67 95% CI: (4.16-7.73); DM OR = 2.66 95% CI (1.65-4.27); time to HIV diagnosis (years) OR = 1.20 95% CI (1.05-1.36) and time to ART OR = 1.22 95% CI (1.08-1.36). |
8
|
Hejazi, et al. [18]
|
Malaysia
|
340
|
45.6%
|
|
Male gender OR = 3.03 95% CI (1.18 - 7.79) and BMI OR = 1.26 95% CI (1.03 - 1.55). |
9
|
Ogunmola, et al. [31] |
Nigeria
|
403
|
19.0%
|
Obesity
|
Obesity (p < 0.05) |
10
|
Peck, et al. [29] |
Tanzania |
150 |
28.7%
|
|
Age OR = 1.07 95% CI (1.04-1.09), current alcohol consumption OR = 0.13 95% CI (0.02-0.99), high BMI OR = 1.09 95% CI (1.03- 1.15) and CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/ml OR = 4.33 95% CI (1.51-12.40) |
11
|
Antonello, et al. [13]
|
Brazil
|
1009
|
22.5%
|
Older age, smoking, cocaine use, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and viral load < 50 copies/ml
|
Age > 40 years and prevalence of HA = 1.99 95% CI (1.17 - 3.34).
|
12
|
Dimala, et al. [20]
|
Cameroon
|
200
|
28.5%
|
Advanced age, male sex, smoking, obesity, ART, and HIV infection over 30 months |
Male gender OR = 2.77 95% CI (1.09 - 7.03) and obesity OR = 2.75 (1.09 - 6.91) |
13
|
Menanga, et al. [7] |
Cameroon
|
53
|
43.2%
|
HDL low cholesterol and high total cholesterol. |
|
14
|
Nsagha, et al. [9] |
Cameroon
|
160
|
29.4%
|
ART and ART time.
|
|
15 |
Sander, et al. [15] |
Uganda |
426
|
26.3%
|
High BMI and CD4 between 200 to 350 cells/cc. |
Age OR = 1.08 95% CI (1.04 - 1.12) and high BMI OR = 1.15 95% CI (1.05 - 1.26). |
16
|
Rabkin, et al. [17]
|
South Africa
|
175
|
37.7%
|
Smoking, ART, high BMI and family history. |
|
17
|
Dimala, et al. [28]
|
Cameroon
|
100
|
38.0%
|
Male gender and older age.
|
Age > 40 years OR = 2.29 (p = 0.001); male sex OR = 3.08 (p = 0.004) and obesity OR = 2.48 (p = 0.014). |
18
|
Divala, et al. [25]
|
Malawi |
952 |
23.7% |
Advanced age, duration of ART greater than 24 months, overweight, obesity and proteinuria |
Age between 45 - 54 OR = 4.50 95% CI (2.55 - 7.95), Age greater than 55 years OR = 7.46 95% CI (4.02 - 13.84), Obesity OR = 3, 67 95% CI (1.56 - 8.64) and proteinuria 2+ OR = 8.25 95% CI (1.25 - 54.44). |
19
|
Okpa, et al. [22] |
Nigeri |
112 |
19.5% |
Older age, overweight, obesity, and family history of AH |
|
20
|
Rogalska-Płońska, et al. [38]
|
Poland
|
417
|
28.0%
|
Older age, male, BMI > 30, high LDL, fasting hyperglycemia and high TG.
|
Age ≥ 50 years OR = 12.8 95% CI (4.26 - 38.75), male sex OR = 1.86 95% CI (1.05 - 3.30), BMI > 30 OR = 11.34 95% CI (1.22 - 104.89) and time of HIV infection +10 years OR = 1.86 95% CI 1.14 - 3.04) |
21
|
Ataro, et al. [21]
|
Ethiopia
|
425
|
12.7%
|
Advanced age, increased abdominal circumference, increased waist / hip ratio, hyperglycemia, ART ≥ 5 years, total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol greater than 130 mg/dl, BMI ≥ 25 and drinking alcohol
|
Increased waist/hip ratio OR = 4.6 95% CI (1.6 - 13.3), Glycaemia ≥ 126 OR = 3.5 95% CI (1.1 - 11.4), ART ≥ 5 years OR = 2.3 95% CI (1.1 - 5.1), Cholesterol total ≥ 200 OR = 3.9 95% CI (1.3 - 1.9), current CD4 < 500 cells/cc OR = 2.7 95% CI (1.3 - 5.6) and drink alcohol OR = 3.4 95% CI (1.5 - 8.1) |
22
|
Ngu, et al. [26]
|
Cameroon
|
311
|
24.8%
|
Central overweight and obesity.
|
Age > 45 years OR = 1.56 95% CI (0.89 - 2.74), Overweight OR = 1.76 95% CI (0.92 - 3.40), central obesity OR = 1.62 95% CI ( 0.82 - 3.18) and family history of AH OR = 0.64 95% CI (0.37-1.10) |
23
|
Chireshe, et al. [24]
|
South Africa
|
600
|
29.9%
|
Older age, alcohol consumption, overweight, smoking, longer duration of ART and family history of hypertension |
Participants aged 60 years and older and those who had been on ART between 5 and 10 years OR: 8.77 95% CI (3.28 - 23.47) |
24
|
Pangmekeh, et al. [23] |
Cameroon
|
315
|
36.4%
|
Use of ART and ART including Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Efavirenz |
Use of ART OR = 3.86 95% CI (1.98 - 7.50) |
25
|
Vargas-Pacherrez, et al. [27]
|
Brazil
|
196
|
41.8%
|
Older age, overweight, increased abdominal circumference, family history of AH, AIDS-defining disease, HIV diagnosis > 12 years, > 2 ART regimens and ART based on PIs.
|
Age OR = 1.09 95% CI (1.04 - 1.13), overweight OR = 4.20 95% CI (1.84 - 9.61), increased abdominal circumference OR = 2.77 95% CI (1.12 - 6.89), family history of AH OR = 2.94 95% CI (1.25 - 6.89) and use of more than 2 ART regimens OR = 3.84 95% CI (1.31 - 11.30) |
OR: Odds Ratio; BMI: Body Mass Index; AH: Arterial Hypertension; HDL: High-Density Cholesterol; LDL: Low-Density Cholesterol; ART: Antiretroviral Therapy, PIs: Protease Inhibitors; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; CVD: Cardiovascular Disease; MS: Metabolic Syndrome; TG: Triglyceride; AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus.