Mechanical | Pharmacologic | Other |
Abdominal pressure | Histamine-releasing drugs:morphine, codeine, oxycodone, atracurium |
Pain |
Postural changes | Sympathomimetic agents: ephedrine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, ketamine |
Anxiety/stress |
Positioning | Dopamine antagonists: metoclopramide, droperidol |
Urination |
Tyramine-containing foods | Induction of anesthesia | |
SNRIs/SSRIs/MAO-Is |