Arthroscopy has become increasingly common for diagnosis and treatment of ankle joint pathology. The four most common portals used for ankle arthroscopy are the anteromedial (AM), anterolateral (AL), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL). And anatomy of neurovascular structures (NVS) along the ankle can significantly vary. The distance of NVS was compared to anatomic landmarks of ankle arthroscopic portals to verify safe zones for scope insertion. Twenty-six fresh-frozen cadavers were util...

In order to overcome the difficulty in aligning specimens accurately within a reference system for angular kinematic measurements, a method of using a virtual reference coordinate system was designed and implemented in conjunction with using an optical motion capture device. The virtual coordinate system is created by digitizing three identifiable points in space. In this way, angular measurements of specimens can be described with respect to the virtual coordinate system to be anatomically rele...

Distal tibial metaphyseal fractures (DTMF) are rare fractures among children, and are usually treated by closed methods for 6 to 8 weeks with reported satisfactory outcomes. However, the choice of the surgical procedure if indicated, remains controversial, and many options of osteosynthesis are still considered. This a case of a traumatic progressively displaced DTMF despite cast immobilization in an 11-yearsold child, who was treated in our institute by intrafocal pinning and followed for 15 mo...