Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a novel treatment modality that is quickly becoming the standard of care for the management of a multitude of neoplasms. While immunomodulation is a promising approach, it also carries a risk of immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). Nivolumab is an FDA-approved anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1) checkpoint inhibitor. Nivolumab-induced, immune-related pancreatitis, and hyperbilirubinemia are rare but clinically significant examples of irAEs. Early recogn...

The authors aim to review the available literature regarding incidentally found thyroid carcinoma during lymph node dissection for primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), in order to potentially support clinical decision about management of this unexpected entity. 2 clinical cases are described and a systematic review of the relevant literature on the subject is performed based on Pubmed® database. We reviewed a total of 102 cases. The primary SCCs sites were larynx, oral cavity, a...