Table 2: Results summary.
| Title | Authors | Year of Publication | Results |
| Searching for a Vulnerable Dark Triad: Comparing Factor 2 Psychopathy, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Borderline Personality Disorder | Miller J, Dir A, Gentile B, Wilson L, Pryor L, Campbell W | 2010 | Significant correlation between vulnerable narcissism, BPD and F2; and between BPD and F2. After controlling certain FFM domains, the correlation between BPD and F2 is reduced. |
| The Relationship Between DSM-IV Cluster B Personality Disorders and Psychopathy According to Hare’s Criteria: Clarification and Resolution of Previous Contradictions | Huchzermeier C, Geiger F, Brub E, Godt N, Kohler D, Hinrichs G, Aldenhoff J | 2007 | APD and BPD obtained a significantly higher score in F2 compared to the control group whereas there were hardly any differences for F1. |
| Psychopathy in women: Structural modeling and comorbidity | Warren J, Burnette M, South S, Chauhan P, Bale R, Friend R, Van Patten I | 2003 | Inmates with BPD show significantly higher scores for F2. |
| Subtypes of psychopathy: Proposed differences between narcissistic, borderline, sadistic, and antisocial psychopaths | Murphy C, Vess J | 2003 | BPD was more associated with psychopathy than APD. |
| Borderline Personality Disorder Among Jail Inmates: How Common and How Distinct? | Conn C, Warden R, Stuewing J, Kim E, Harty, Harty L, Hastings M, Tangney J | 2010 | The prevalence of BPD in the sample was 41% of men compared to 52% of women. The prevalence of psychopathy was 19% of men and 5% of women. The results show a relationship between BPD and F2. F1 did not correlate with either the total BPD scores or three of the four subscales. |
| Borderline Personality Disorder as a Female Phenotypic Expression of Psychopathy? | Sprague J, Javdani S, Sadeh N, Newman J, Verona E | 2012 | Men showed a higher score on psychopathic measures and women on BPD features. A negative association of F1 and a positive association of F2 with borderline features were found. The relationship of F2 with the borderline traits was stronger in women than in men. |
| Gender and Factor-Level Interactions in Psychopathy: Implications for Self-Directed Violence Risk and Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms | Verona E, Sprague J, Javdani S | 2012 | F2 was more strongly associated with BPD symptoms in both sexes, whereas F1 was only associated to BPD symptoms in men. |
| Are Psychopathic and Borderline Personality Disorder Distinct, or Differently Gendered Expressions of the Same Disorder? An Exploration Using Concept Maps | Viljoen S, Cook A, Lim Y, Layden B, Bousfieldn N, Hart S | 2015 | PPD and BPD symptoms are gender-related, but it does not seem to be consistency to affirm that BPD and PPD are gender variants of the same disorder. |
| Exploring the Dark Side: Relationships between the Dark Triad Traits and Cluster B Personality Disorder Features | Vossen T, Coolidge F, Segal D, and Muehlenkamp J | 2017 | Men obtained significantly higher scores in machiavellianism, psychopathy and APD and women in BPD, Histrionic and Narcissistic Personality Disorder. For men, psychopathy was the only significant predictor of BPD, while for women, both psychopathy and machiavellianism were predictors. |
| Borderline personality organization and psychopathic traits in nonclinical adolescents: Relationships of identity diffusion, primitive defense mechanisms and reality testing with callousness and impulsivity traits | Chabrol H, Leichsenring F | 2017 | The approval rate of BPI and LSRP were high. Significant correlations between the structural criteria of the borderline personality organization and the psychopathic features. |
| Identifying the Manipulative Mating Methods Associated with Psychopathic traits and BPD Features | Centifanti L, Thomson N, Kwok A | 2017 | Egocentric psychopathic traits are related to antisocial psychopathic traits and BPD traits. Antisocial psychopathic traits show a stronger association with BPD traits. |
| Facets of Psychopathy in Relation to Potentially Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Female Prisoners: The Mediating Role of Borderline Personality Disorder Traits | Blonigen D, Sullivan E, Hicks B, Patrick C | 2012 | BPD traits had significant and positive associations with F2, as well as with lifestyle, antisocial traits and the psychopathy-PTSD link. |
| Students, sex, and psychopathy: Borderline and psychopathy personality traits are differently related to women and men's use of sexual coercion, partner poaching, and promiscuity | Khan R, Brewer G, Kim S, Centifanti L | 2017 | Correlations between BPD traits and F1 and between BPD traits and F2 were significant, although the association was significantly stronger with F2. BPD features are similarly related to F2 for both sexes. |
| Genetic and environmental overlap between borderline personality disorder traits and psychopathy: evidence for promotive effects of factor 2 and protective effects of factor 1 | Hunt E, Bornovalova M, Patrick C | 2014 | F1 is negatively related and F2 is positively related to BPD in men and women. F1 and F2 and BPD traits are influenced by genetic and non-shared environmental factors. The results indicated a moderate negative genetic and non-shared environmental overlap between F1 and BPD traits and a genetic and non-shared environmental overlap between F2 and the BPD. |
| Differences between psychopathy and other personality disorders: evidence from neuroimaging | Sarkar S, Clark B, Deeley Q | 2011 | People with psychopathy and people with BPD show frontal and limbic structural and functional alterations. |
| Emotion in Criminal Offenders With Psychopathy and Borderline Personality Disorder | Herpertz S, Werth U, Lukas G, Qunaibi M, Schuerkens A, Kunert H, Freese R, Flesch M, Mueller-Isberner R, Osterheider M, Sass H | 2001 | A general deficit in affective information processing was observed in psychopaths, regardless of whether the stimuli are negative or positive Subjects with BPD showed adequate emotional processing. |
| Treating the Untreatable: A Single Case Study of a Psychopathic Inpatient Treated With Schema Therapy | Chakhssi F, Kersten T, de Ruiter C, Bernstein D | 2014 | After the completion of the therapy, the patient regained a high level of functionality and had no interpersonal relationship problems. The patient abandoned drug abuse and criminal behavior. These improvements were still observed three years after the end of treatment. |
| Psychopathy scores reveal heterogeneity among patients with borderline personality disorder | Newhill C, Vaughn M, DeLisi M | 2010 | The "impulse /antisocial" subgroup obtained high levels of psychopathy and would benefit from behavior planning skills. The subgroup "psychopathic", was the lowest psychopathic score and would need a traditional DBT treatment. The "interpersonally exploitative/narcissistic" subgroup represents the F1 aspects and would require DBT interpersonal skills training. The "psychopath/high antisocial" subgroup obtained a high score in psychopathy. |
BPD: Borderline Personality Disorder; FFM: Five Factor Personality Model; F1: Factor 1 of Psychopathy; F2: Factor 2 of Psychopathy; APD: Antisocial Personality Disorder; PPD: Psychopathic Personality Disorder; BPI: Borderline Personality Inventory; LSRP: Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale; PTSD: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; DBT: Dialectical Behavioral Therapy.