Table 1: Clinical development of oncolytic viral vectors.
Virus | Description | Mechanism | Clinical Condition |
Adenovirus |
medium-sized (90-100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double stranded DNA genome |
tumor antigens targeting, conditionally replication |
ColoAd1 from PsiOxus Therapeutics has entered Phase I/II clinical study with its oncolytic vaccine. ONYX-015 are used in combination with the standard chemotherapeutic agents cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil to combat head and neck tumors. the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration approved H101, an oncolytic adenovirus similar to Onyx-015 (E1B-55K/E3B-deleted), for use in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of late-stage refractory nasopharyngeal cancer. |
Reovirus |
non-enveloped viruses' range between 70-80 nm, dsRNA composed of ten segments, 87 species in this family, divided among 30 genera. Most infections are mild or subclinical. |
selectively infects RAS-transformed cells |
Reovirus phase I clinical trials have shown indications of efficacy, and several phase II/III trials are ongoing at present. Reovirus's extensive preclinical efficacy, replication competency, and low toxicity profile in humans have placed it as an attractive anticancer therapeutic |
Measles Virus |
single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped (non-segmented) RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. |
single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped (non-segmented) RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. |
Phase I conducted Two patients with glioblastoma multiforme have so far been enrolled into the intracerebral MV-CEA study and six patients with multiple myeloma have been enrolled for intravenous administration of MV-NIS at two dose levels |
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 |
large double-stranded, linear DNA genome enveloped viruses |
Only replicates in tumor cells |
Phase I clinical traits of three vectors, G207, 1716, and NV1020, are either ongoing or completed, with no adverse events attributed to the virus. These and other HSV-1 vectors are effective against a myriad of solid tumors in miceInterim overall survival data from Amgen's phase 3 trial of a genetically-attenuated herpes virus suggests efficacy against melanoma. |
Newcastle-disease Virus |
contagious bird disease a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus |
selectively replicates in interferon-defective cells |
In 1999, promising results were reported using an attenuated strain of the Newcastle virus In 2006, NDV-HUJ, which showed promising results in 14 glioblastoma multiforme patients. In 2013, NDV may prove to be an attractive oncolytic agent for cancers resistant to multiple chemotherapeutic agents. |
Vaccinia Virus |
large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family. Linear, double-stranded DNA genome approximately 190 kbpin length, and which encodes approximately 250 genes. Roughly 360 × 270 × 250 nm, approximately 5-10 fg. |
Gain access to tumor through vascular leakiness |
phase I-II clinical trials have been performed with IFN-β in patients with brain tumors and other metastatic solid tumors. overall efficacy was limited and transient, and significant systemic toxicities limited further dose escalation combining IFN-dependent cancer selectivity with IFN-β expression to achieve tumor-specific replication, IFN-β gene expression, and efficacy following systemic delivery in preclinical models. |