Table 1: Clinical development of oncolytic viral vectors.

Virus Description Mechanism Clinical Condition

Adenovirus

medium-sized (90-100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double stranded DNA genome

tumor antigens targeting, conditionally replication

ColoAd1 from PsiOxus Therapeutics has entered Phase I/II clinical study with its oncolytic vaccine.

ONYX-015 are used in combination with the standard chemotherapeutic agents cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil to combat head and neck tumors. the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration approved H101, an oncolytic adenovirus similar to Onyx-015 (E1B-55K/E3B-deleted), for use in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of late-stage refractory nasopharyngeal cancer.

Reovirus

non-enveloped viruses' range between 70-80 nm, dsRNA composed of ten segments, 87 species in this family, divided among 30 genera. Most infections are mild or subclinical.

selectively infects RAS-transformed cells

Reovirus phase I clinical trials have shown indications of efficacy, and several phase II/III trials are ongoing at present.

Reovirus's extensive preclinical efficacy, replication competency, and low toxicity profile in humans have placed it as an attractive anticancer therapeutic

Measles Virus

single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped (non-segmented) RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae.

single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped (non-segmented) RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae.

Phase I conducted

Two patients with glioblastoma multiforme have so far been enrolled into the intracerebral MV-CEA study and six patients with multiple myeloma have been enrolled for intravenous administration of MV-NIS at two dose levels

Herpes Simplex Virus 1

large double-stranded, linear DNA genome enveloped viruses

Only replicates in tumor cells

Phase I clinical traits of three vectors, G207, 1716, and NV1020, are either ongoing or completed, with no adverse events attributed to the virus. These and other HSV-1 vectors are effective against a myriad of solid tumors in miceInterim overall survival data from Amgen's phase 3 trial of a genetically-attenuated herpes virus suggests efficacy against melanoma.

Newcastle-disease Virus

contagious bird disease a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus

selectively replicates in interferon-defective cells

In 1999, promising results were reported using an attenuated strain of the Newcastle virus

In 2006, NDV-HUJ, which showed promising results in 14 glioblastoma multiforme patients.

In 2013, NDV may prove to be an attractive oncolytic agent for cancers resistant to multiple chemotherapeutic agents.

Vaccinia Virus

large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family. Linear, double-stranded DNA genome approximately 190 kbpin length, and which encodes approximately 250 genes. Roughly 360 × 270 × 250 nm, approximately 5-10 fg.

Gain access to tumor through vascular leakiness

phase I-II clinical trials have been performed with IFN-β in patients with brain tumors and other metastatic solid tumors.

overall efficacy was limited and transient, and significant systemic toxicities limited further dose escalation combining IFN-dependent cancer selectivity with IFN-β expression to achieve tumor-specific replication, IFN-β gene expression, and efficacy following systemic delivery in preclinical models.