Table 1: High-resolution endoscopy technologies.

System

Excitation wavelength

Lateral resolution

Frame rate

Field-of-view

Imaging depth

Cost

Probe confocal (pCLE)

488 nm

1.0-3.0 µm

12 frames/sec

0.05-0.28 mm2

60-100 µm

$150000

Endoscope confocal (eCLE)*

488 nm

0.7 µm

1.2 frames/sec

0.23 mm2

0-250 µm

$250000

Endoscope Endocytoscopy

400-700 nm

1.7 µm

30 frames/sec

0.4 mm2

0-50 µm

N/A

Optical coherence tomography/VLE

700-1500 nm

7-10 µm

4 frames/sec

5-6 mm2

2-3 mm

$35000-$150000

High resolution microendoscopy*

455 nm

4.4 µm

12 frames/sec

0.41 mm2

50 µm

< $3600

*Not currently commercially available.