Table 1: High-resolution endoscopy technologies.
System |
Excitation wavelength |
Lateral resolution |
Frame rate |
Field-of-view |
Imaging depth |
Cost |
Probe confocal (pCLE) |
488 nm |
1.0-3.0 µm |
12 frames/sec |
0.05-0.28 mm2 |
60-100 µm |
$150000 |
Endoscope confocal (eCLE)* |
488 nm |
0.7 µm |
1.2 frames/sec |
0.23 mm2 |
0-250 µm |
$250000 |
Endoscope Endocytoscopy |
400-700 nm |
1.7 µm |
30 frames/sec |
0.4 mm2 |
0-50 µm |
N/A |
Optical coherence tomography/VLE |
700-1500 nm |
7-10 µm |
4 frames/sec |
5-6 mm2 |
2-3 mm |
$35000-$150000 |
High resolution microendoscopy* |
455 nm |
4.4 µm |
12 frames/sec |
0.41 mm2 |
50 µm |
< $3600 |
*Not currently commercially available.