Outcomes (low values are favourable) | Means and percentages1 | Unadjusted analyses: P values2 | Adjusted P values3 | Effect sizes for means4 | |||||||
Parenthood stress, means (1-5) | Low PD | Medium PD | High PD | Low-Medium PD DF=1 | Medium-High PD DF=1 | Low-High PD DF=1 | All PD groups DF=2 | Multiple logistic regressions | Low-Medium PD | Medium-High PD | Low-High PD |
SPSQ: total | 2.37 | 2.7 | 2.85 | <.0001 | 0.0477 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.65 | 0.27 | 0.91 |
SPSQ: social isolation | 1.99 | 2.29 | 2.43 | <.0001 | 0.1689 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.42 | 0.2 | 0.68 |
SPSQ: role restriction | 3.36 | 3.66 | 3.82 | <.0001 | 0.122 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.4 | 0.22 | 0.63 |
SPSQ: incompetence | 2.05 | 2.42 | 2.65 | <.0001 | 0.042 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.59 | 0.31 | 0.84 |
SPSQ: spouse relationship | 2.06 | 2.39 | 2.27 | <.0001 | 0.3655 | 0.0515 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.41 | -0.14 | 0.26 |
SPSQ: health | 2.53 | 2.88 | 3.08 | <.0001 | 0.0725 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 0.71 |
Child behaviour | |||||||||||
Difficultness, Bates, means (1-7) | 3.51 | 3.7 | 3.91 | 0.0038 | 0.0934 | 0.0001 | <.0001 | 0.0068 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.49 |
Child's mobility very/rather difficult to handle, % | 5.8 | 8.2 | 17.5 | 0.1786 | 0.0296 | 0.0017 | 0.0015 | 0.0282 | |||
1 Low PD: N=856 (843-853). Medium PD: N=249 (244-249). High PD: N=63. Due to missing values, the numbers varied between different analyses.
2 Statistical methods: Student's t test (pairwise comparisons low-medium, medium-high, low-high, DF=1), ANOVAs (comparisons across all PD groups low, medium, high, DF=2), X2 and Fisher's exact test (percentages). 3 Adjusted for parity (first-born child vs. others), child gender, marital status (single vs. others). Statistical method: multiple logistic regressions with dichotomised variables, merging medium and high PD into one category. For spouse relationship stress, only mothers with a partner were included, and marital status was not included as a predictor in the logistic regression. N for the spouse relationship stress variable: low PD 806, medium PD 221, high PD 53. 4 Cohen's d. |