Table 2: Source: Major carcinogenic and genotoxic agents in pan masala and gutkha [6].
|
Products |
Ingredients |
Genotoxic agents/carcinogens |
|
Gutkha |
Tobacco |
NNN, NNK |
|
|
Areca nut |
arecoline, MNPN |
|
|
Areca nut + lime |
ROS |
|
|
Catechu + lime |
ROS |
|
Pan masala |
Areca nut |
arecoline, MNPN |
|
|
Areca nut + lime |
ROS |
|
|
Catechu + lime |
ROS |
NNN, N'-nitrosonornicotine; NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyle)-1-butanone; MNPN, 3 (methylnitrosamine) propionitrile; ROS, reactive oxygen species, O-, H2O2, OH.
aFor structures and pathways see Figures 2 and Figure 3.