Table 2: Characteristics of endometrial cancer cases and population-based controls who returned urine and saliva samples*.

Characteristic (N missing)

Number (Percent)

Cases (N = 480)

Controls (N = 513)

p-value

Demographics

Age at diagnosis

< 40

14 (1.4)

12 (2.5)

2 (0.4)

< 0.0001

40-44

21 (2.1)

15 (3.1)

6 (1.2)

45-49

37 (3.7)

23 (4.8)

14 (2.7)

50-54

98 (9.9)

59 (12.3)

39 (7.6)

55+

823 (82.9)

371 (77.3)

452 (88.1)

Mean (SD)

61.8 (8.6)

60.5 (9.2)

63.1 (7.9)

< 0.0001

Education

High school or less

371 (37.4)

176 (36.7)

195 (38.0)

0.83

1-3 years of college

261 (26.3)

125 (26.0)

136 (26.5)

College or more

361 (36.4)

179 (37.3)

182 (35.5)

Employment

Not in labor force

472 (47.5)

217 (45.2)

255 (49.7)

0.16

Working

521 (52.5)

263 (54.8)

258 (50.3)

Family income, annual (62)

≤ $30.000

245 (26.3)

138 (30.0)

107 (22.7)

0.006

$30.001 - $50.000

265 (28.5)

140 (30.4)

125 (26.5)

$50.001 - $100.000

298 (32.0)

130 (28.3)

168 (35.7)

> $100.000

52 (11.3)

52 (11.3)

71 (15.1)

Marital status

Married/living with partner

714 (71.9)

318 (66.3)

396 (77.2)

< 0.0001

Divorced, separated, widowed

220 (22.2)

118 (24.6)

102 (19.9)

Never married

59 (5.9)

44 (9.2)

15 (2.9)

Race/ethnicity (4)

Hispanic

6 (0.6)

4 (0.8)

2 (0.4)

0.004

Non-Hispanic Black

27 (2.7)

21 (4.4)

6 (1.2)

Non-Hispanic White

946 (95.6)

452 (94.4)

494 (96.9)

Other Non-Hispanic

10 (1.0)

2 (0.4)

8 (1.6)

Work schedule (473)

Regular daytime shift

439 (84.4)

221 (84.4)

218 (84.5)

0.96

Other shift

81 (15.6)

41 (15.6)

40 (15.5)

Dietary habits

Days/week alcoholic beverages consumed (10)

0

440 (44.8)

224 (47.1)

216 (42.6)

0.041

< 1

269 (27.4)

139 (29.2)

130 (25.6)

1-2.9

125 (12.7)

54 (11.3)

71 (14.0)

3 or more

149 (15.2)

59 (12.4)

90 (17.8)

Protein shake consumption (5)

None

877 (88.8)

414 (86.4)

463 (91.0)

0.0051

Less than 2 per week

48 (4.9)

22 (4.6)

26 (5.1)

2 per week or more

63 (6.4)

43 (9.0)

20 (3.9)

Whole milk consumption

5 or more times per week

50 (5.0)

32 (6.7)

18 (3.5)

0.023

Less than 5 times per week

943 (95.0)

448 (93.3)

495 (96.5)

Physical activity and weight

Body mass index, year before diagnosis (14)

Mean (SD)

32.1 (9.2)

35.3 (10.1)

29.0 (6.9)

< 0.0001

METs-minutes/week ^, total (1)

Mean (SD)

36.4 (54.3)

31.5 (48.8)

41.0 (58.6)

0.006

Any weight gain since age 25 (14)

Mean (SD)

20.1 (18.0)

24.1 (19.6)

16.4 (15.6)

< 0.0001

Smoking history

Smoke cigarettes (3)

Never

652 (65.9)

325 (68.0)

327 (63.9)

0.1

Former

274 (27.7)

130 (27.2)

144 (28.1)

Current

64 (6.5)

23 (4.8)

41 (8.0)

Smoking, total pack-years (6)

Mean for ever-smokers (SD)

8.2 (17.8)

6.3 (15.1)

10.0 (19.9)

0.001

Medical history

Breast cancer (2)

Yes

50 (5.0)

13 (2.7)

37 (7.2)

0.0012

No

941 (95.0)

466 (97.3)

475 (92.8)

Diabetes (3)

Yes

183 (18.5)

118 (24.7)

65 (12.7)

< 0.0001

No

807 (81.5)

360 (75.3)

447 (87.3)

Endometrial cancer in first degree relative (36)

Yes

31 (3.2)

25 (5.4)

6 (1.2)

0.0002

No

926 (96.8)

435 (94.6)

491 (98.8)

Endometriosis (20)

Yes

164 (16.9)

84 (18.0)

80 (15.8)

0.35

No

809 (83.1)

382 (82.0)

427 (84.2)

Hypertension (2)

Yes

526 (53.1)

275 (57.5)

251 (48.9)

0.007

No

465 (46.9)

203 (42.5)

262 (51.1)

Ovarian cancer (7)

Yes

33 (3.4)

30 (6.3)

3 (0.6)

< 0.0001

No

953 (96.6)

444 (93.7)

509 (99.4)

Medications and treatments

Birth control, years used (3)

Mean (SD)

6.0 (7.3)

5.0 (6.2)

7.0 (8.0)

< 0.0001

Hormone replacement therapy, years used (14)

Mean (SD)

3.3 (7.1)

2.1 (5.9)

4.4 (8.0)

< 0.0001

Reproductive history

Age of menarche 11 or earlier (2)

Yes

224 (22.6)

123 (25.7)

101 (19.7)

0.025

No

767 (77.4)

356 (74.3)

411 (80.3)

Menopause status, year before diagnosis

Premenopausal

149 (15.0)

107 (22.3)

42 (8.2)

< 0.0001

Postmenopausal

840 (84.6)

372 (77.5)

468 (91.2)

Unknown

4 (0.4)

1 (0.2)

3 (0.6)

Nulliparous (4)

148 (15.0)

89 (18.6)

59 (11.5)

0.0018

*9 controls who reported a diagnosis of endometrial cancer were excluded. Variables refer to the year prior to diagnosis of endometrial cancer unless otherwise specified.

P-value for chi-square test except for means, which were compared with a t-test.

Birth control refers to methods that release hormones, such as birth control pills, injections, patches, progesterone implants (Norplant), progestin-releasing intrauterine devices, or vaginal rings.

^METs minutes is a measure of the volume of activity which is computed by weighting each type of activity by its energy requirements defined in METs to yield a score in METminutes .