Table 1: Study variables and their measurement tools.
| Variable | Assessment tool | Cronbach's α |
| Life satisfaction | Translated & validated version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) [21] with 5 seven-point Liker-scale items (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree); score range: 5-35; higher scores indicate higher life satisfaction. |
0.82 |
| Happiness | Translated & validated version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire [22] with twenty 9 six-point Likert-scale items (1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree); scores range: 29-174; higher scores indicate greater happiness. |
0.9 |
| Hopefulness | Translated & validated version of the Snyder's Hopefulness Scale [23] with 12 four-point Liker-scale items (1 = definitely false to 4 = definitely true); score range: 12-48; higher scores indicate higher perceived hopefulness. |
0.67 |
| Self-efficacy | Translated & validated version of the Sherer's general self-efficacy scale [24] with 17 five-point Likert-scale items (1 = quite disagree to 5 quite agree); score range: 17-85; higher scores indicate higher perceived self-efficacy. |
0.83 |
| Perceived Stress | Translated & validated version of the Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale [25] with 10 four-point Likert-scale items (0 = never to 4 = very often); score range: 0-40; higher scores indicate higher perceived stress. |
0.8 |
| Psychological well-being | Translated & validated version of the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) [26] with 28 four-point Likert-Scale items (0 = No to 3 = Very much) in four main subscales (somatic symptoms; anxiety/insomnia; social dysfunctions, and severe depression); score range: 0-84; higher scores indicate poorer psychological well-being (i.e. lower psychological well-being). A total score of 23 is the threshold for the presence of perceived stress [27]. |
0.93 |