Table 4: Studies evaluating the link between smartphone use and sleep (N = 8).
|
Author(s) |
Smartphone use scale |
Sleep quality scale |
Findings |
|
Alosaimi, et al. [14] |
Problematic use of mobile |
Investigator-developed |
23.4% of the subjects rated themselves as addicted to their smartphones and 43% reported decreased sleep. Decreased sleeping hours as a consequence of smartphone use was significantly correlated (r = 0.379) with problematic smartphone use score. |
|
Chen, et al. [18] |
Smartphone addiction scale-short version (SAS-SV) [51] |
Pittsburgh sleep quality |
Smartphone addiction rate was 29.8% (30.3% in males, 29.3% in females). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, male students with comorbid sleep problems were 3x more likely to have a smartphone addiction (OR = 3.19, 95% CI 2.23-4.58, p < 0.01). Female students with sleep problems were also more likely to have smartphone addiction (OR = 2.12, 95% CI 1.50- |
|
Deepali, et al. [20] |
Investigator-developed |
Developed Pittsburgh sleep quality |
82.5% of students who used their smartphones for more than two hours each day had PSQI scores > 5, while only 58.1% of students who used their devices for less than 2 hours per day had PSQI scores > 5. Increased use of smartphones (more than two hours per day) was associated with higher sleep deprivation (p < 0.01) and increased sleep latency (p < 0.01). |
|
Demirci, et al. [21] |
Smartphone addiction scale |
Pittsburgh sleep quality |
Smartphone use disorder severity was positively correlated with overall PSQI scores (r = 0.156, p < 0.05), as well as subjective sleep quality (r = 0.138, p < 0.05), sleep disturbance (r = 0.153, p < 0.05), and daytime dysfunction (r = 0.244, p < 0.01). However, in a stepwise linear regression, there was no direct effect of high smartphone use on sleep quality (Std. B = -0.022, t = -0.379, p = 0.705). |
|
Eyvazlou, et al. [23] |
Cell phone overuse scale |
Pittsburgh sleep quality |
Smartphone overuse had a significant relationship with quality of sleep focusing on sleep latency (p < 0.01), sleep disturbance (p < 0.01), daytime dysfunction (p < 0.01), and use of sleep medication (p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that overuse affected quality of sleep (p < 0.01), but subjective sleep duration and quality was not significant. Adjusted PSQI showed a significant relationship between sleep problems and smartphone overuse (r2 = 0.181, p < 0.01). Students’ general health had a meaningful relationship with their quality of sleep (p < 0.01), which also affected anxiety and depression scales. |
|
Rosen, et al. [37] |
Media and technology usage and attitudes scale (Daily smartphone usage subscale) [47] |
Medical outcomes study |
50% of participants kept their phones close at night and 49% admitted to checking it for something other than time. 33.5% of participants reported getting less than 7 hours of sleep per night and 32% getting exactly 7 hours. Participants that awakened to check their phones showed significantly more problems sleeping (p < 0.01). |
|
Sahin, et al. [39] |
Problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) scale [65] |
Pittsburgh sleep quality |
Problematic smartphone use scores and sleep quality scores showed a positive correlation (r = -0.297; p < 0.01). The quality of sleep deteriorated as dependence on mobile phone increased. |
|
Tao, et al. [42] |
Self-rating questionnaire for adolescent problematic mobile phone use (SQAPMPU) [67] |
Pittsburgh sleep quality |
Problematic smartphone use and poor sleep quality were observed in 28.1% and 9.8% of participants, respectively. Logistic regression models suggested indicated independent associations of problematic smartphone use and sleep quality with mental health (p < 0.001). |