Table 1: Characteristics of included studies in the meta-analysis

Author, year

Country

Population

sample size

study design

Gender Female (%)

Age (years)

Sleep indicator measurement

Depression measurement

Islam, et al., 2020

Japan

non-shift workers

1404

C-S

15.2

44.8±

9.8

SJL, SRQ

CES-D

Tamura, et al., 2023 [52]

Japan

junior high school students

1493

C-S

52.4

13.6 ±

0.9

SJL, MCTQ

DSRS-C

Feng, et al., 2023 [9]

China

residents aged 18 years

5818

C-S

53.8

46.0 ±

53.8

SJL, SRQ

PHQ-9

Zhang, et al., 2023 [36]

China

junior high students

31871

C-S

46.0

13.5 ±

0.8

SJL, MCTQ

PHQ-2

Qu, et al., 2023 [48]

China

college students

1042

C-S

61.9

18-22

CT, MEQ-5

PHQ-9

Kjørstad, et al., 2022 [12]

Norway

university students

169572

C-S

66.5

26.1 ±

7.3

CT, MEQ

HSCL-25

Li, et al., 2020 [43]

China

university students

1135

C-S

61.9

18.8 ±

1.2

CT, MEQ

PHQ-9

Koo, et al., 2021 [42]

Korea

high-school students

8655

C-S

47.9

16.8 ±

0.9

CT, MEQ

BDI

Zhou, et al., 2021 [50]

China

freshman college

students

4531

C-S

29.8

19.2 ±

1.8

CT, MEQ

DASS21

Norbury, et al., 2019 [47]

United Kingdom

community- dwelling individuals aged 40-69 years

5360

C-S

51.3

55.7 ±

7.5

CT, MEQ

PHQ

Chang, et al., 2022 [39]

China

medical college students

2231

C-S

55.0

19.1±

1.13

CT, MEQ-19

PHQ-2

Mao, et al., 2024 [45]

China

local residents aged 18 years or

older

12544

C-S

46.6

≥18

CT, MEQ-5

PHQ-9

Hidalgo, et al., 2009 [18]

Brazil

community residents aged 18 years or

older

200

C-S

59.0

34.4±

16.4

CT, MEQ

MADRS

Randler, et al., 2012 [49]

Spain

apparently healthy female university

students

277

C-S

100.0

22.3±

2.5

CT, CSM

PHQ-9

Merikanto, et al., 2015[46]

Finland

residents aged 25–74 years

10503

C-S

54.6

50.6±

13.9

CT, MEQ

SRQ

Lv, et al., 2021 [44]

China

university students

8244

C-S,

L: no data

48.3

18.0±

0.7

CT, MEQ

PHQ-9

Kim, et al., 2023 [41]

Korea

wage earners aged 19 years or

older

3917

C-S

46.7

43.4±

11.9

CT, MEQ

PHQ-9

Kim, et al., 2020 [40]

Korea

non-shift workers aged 19–80 years

5550

C-S

58.1

46.7±

0.4

CT, MCTQ

PHQ-9

Lemke, et al., 2023 [28]

Sweden

elementary and junior high school students

8449

C-S

50.8

14.0 ±

0.7

SD, KSQ

BDI-II

Dong, et al., 2022 [26]

USA

NHANES

III, adult participants

25962

C-S

50.8

48.1 ±

18.5

SD, SRQ

PHQ-9

Chen, et al., 2020 [25]

China

community- dwelling residents aged 18 years or

older

13768

C-S

47.8

18-85

SD, SRQ

PHQ-9

Zhang, et al., 2023 [36]

China

resident villagers aged 35 years or

older

9104

C-S

54.7

53.5±

10.3

SD,

interviews

PHQ-9

Ouyang, et al., 2019 [31]

China

CHARLS,

residents aged 45 years or

older

9529

C-S

66.6

60.2±

9.2

SD, SRQ

CES-D

Yong, et al., 2024 [35]

China

junior and senior

high school students

2660

C-S

50.3

<18

SD, SRQ

PHQ-9

Sakamoto, et al., 2013 [32]

Japan

daytime workers

1197

C-S

14.0

44.3±

10.8

SD, SRQ

CES-D

Wang, et al., 2024 [33]

USA

NHANES,

aged 18 years or

older,

10044

C-S

51.3

47.5

SD, SRQ

PHQ-9

Luo, et al., 2022 [30]

China

elderly adults from eight health centers in six

provinces

49317

C-S

37.7

67.6±

6.6

SD, SRQ

PHQ-9

Zhou, et al., 2022 [38]

China

CFPS,

children aged 11-19 years

3724

C-S

48.0

14.9±

2.6

SD, SRQ

CES-D

Lin, et al., 2023 [29]

China

junior and senior high school

students

7330

C-S

48.6

15.1 ±

1.8

SD, SRQ

CES-D

Gao, et al., 2023 [27]

China

Han ethnicity permanent residents aged 30-79 years

42242

C-S

54.3

51.3±

12.0

SD,

interviews

PHQ-2, DSM-IV

Andishma nd, et al., 2023

Iran

freshman students of NUMS

471

C-S

62.4

SD, PSOI

BDI-II

Wu, et al., 2023[34]

China

CHARLS,

residents aged 45 years or older

10228

C-S

53.1

≥55

SD, SRQ

CES-D 10

Zhang, et al., 2021 [37]

China

CCSSNNS,

residents aged 55 years or

older

11931

C-S

57.0

≥55

SD, SRQ

GDS

Anujuo, et al., 2021 [24]

Netherlan ds

the HELIUS study，

individuals aged 18–71 years

21072

C-S

57.5

44.3±1

3.6

SD, SRQ

PHQ-9

Jing, et al., 2020 [21]

China

CHARLS,

residents aged 60-89 years

22847

49.2

67.8±6

SD, SRQ

CES-D-10

Um, et al., 2023 [19]

Korea

Korean adults without

depression at baseline

225915

41.8

38.5±7

SD, PSQI

CES-D

Chen, et al., 2023 [20]

China

CHARLS,

residents aged 45 years or older

4337

45.1

57.0±8

SD, SRQ

CESD-10

Li, et al., 2022 [22]

China

CFPS,

children aged 10-15

years

1172

60.3

12.3±1

SD, SRQ

CES-D

Note: C-S: Cross-sectional, L: Longitudinal, SJL: Social jet lag, CT: Chronotype, SD: Sleep duration, CES-D: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression, DSRS-C: The Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children, PHQ: The Patient Health Questionnaire, HSCL: The Hopkins Symptoms Checklist, BDI: The Beck Depression Inventory, DASS: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, MADRS: The Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale, DSM-IV: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, GDS: Geriatric depression scale, MEQ: The Morning and Evening Questionnaire, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, MCTQ: Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, KSQ: The Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire, MESC: The morningness/eveningness scale for children, CSM: The Composite Scale of Morningness, CHARLS: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, CFPS: The China Family Panel Study, NUMS: Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, HELIUS, Healthy Life in an Urban Setting, CCSSNNS: The Community Cohort Study of Specialized Nervous System Diseases, SRQ: Self-report questionnaire.