Table 1: Quality assessment of included cross-sectional studies.

Table 2: Quality assessment of included cross-sectional studies.

Study	①	②	③	➃	⑤	⑥	⑦	⑧
Islam, et al., 2020	A	A	A	D	A	A	A	A
Tamura, et al., 2023 [52]	B	A	A	D	A	A	A	A
Feng, et al., 2023 [9]	A	A	A	D	A	A	A	A
Qu, et al., 2023 [48]	B	A	A	D	A	A	A	A
Zhang, et al., 2023 [36]	A	A	A	D	A	A	A	A
Kjørstad, et al., 2022 [12]	B	A	B	D	B	B	B	A
Li, et al., 2020 [43]	B	A	A	D	A	A	A	A
Koo, et al., 2021 [42]	A	A	A	D	A	A	A	A
Lemke, et al., 2023 [28]	A	A	A	D	A	A	A	A
Zhou, et al., 2021 [50]	A	A	A	D	B	B	A	A
Norbury, et al., 2019 [47]	B	B	B	D	A	A	A	A
Chang, et al., 2022 [39]	A	A	A	D	B	B	A	A
Mao, et al., 2024 [45]	B	A	A	D	A	A	A	A
Hidalgo, et al., 2009 [18]	A	A	A	D	A	A	A	A
Randler, et al., 2012 [49]	B	B	A	D	B	B	A	A
Merikanto, et al., 2015 [46]	C	B	A	D	A	A	B	A
Lv, et al., 2021 [44]	A	A	A	D	B	B	A	A
Kim, et al., 2023 [41]	A	A	A	D	A	A	A	A
Kim, et al., 2020 [40]	A	A	A	D	A	A	A	A
Dong, et al., 2022 [26]	A	A	B	D	A	A	A	A
Chen, et al., 2020 [25]	B	A	B	B	A	A	A	A
Zhang, et al., 2023 [36]	A	A	B	A	A	A	A	A
Ouyang, et al., 2019 [31]	A	A	B	B	A	A	A	A
Yong, et al., 2024 [35]	A	A	B	C	A	A	A	A
Sakamoto, et al., 2013 [32]	A	A	B	C	A	A	A	A
Wang, et al., 2024 [33]	A	C	B	B	A	A	A	A
Luo, et al., 2022 [30]	A	A	B	B	B	B	A	A
Zhou, et al., 2022 [38]	A	A	B	B	A	A	A	A
Lin, et al., 2023 [29]	B	A	B	B	A	A	A	A
Gao, et al., 2023 [27]	B	A	B	A	A	A	A	A
Andishmand, et al., 2023 [23]	B	A	B	B	A	A	A	A
Wu, et al., 2023 [34]	B	A	B	B	A	A	A	A
Zhang, et al., 2021 [37]	A	A	B	B	A	A	A	A
Anujuo, et al., 2021 [24]	A	A	B	B	A	A	A	A

Note: ➀Are the inclusion criteria for the sample clearly defined？➁Are the study subjects and study sites described in detail?➂Is the measurement of exposure factors reliable and valid?➃Is there an objective, consistent standard for defining a disease or health problem?➄Are confounders identified?➅Are measures in

place to control confounders?➆Are the outcome measures reliable and valid?➇ Is the data analysis method appropriate? A=Yes, B=No, C=Nuclear, D=Inadaptation