Table
1: Association
of HbA1c variability and social demographic and clinical characteristics of
patients with diabetes.
Characteristic |
Quintile of HbA1c Variability |
P value** |
|||||
Overall |
Q1: ≤ 0.12 |
Q2: > 0.12- ≤ 0.20 |
Q3: > 0.20- ≤ 0.28 |
Q4: > 0.28- ≤ 0.45 |
Q5: > 0.45 |
||
N
= 4,458 |
N
= 928 |
N
= 799 |
N
= 942 |
N
= 897 |
N
= 892 |
||
Age
group (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
<
0.0001 |
65-74 |
30.37 |
26.08 |
30.16 |
29.83 |
28.65 |
37.33 |
|
75-84 |
51.68 |
52.91 |
51.44 |
52.65 |
54.63 |
46.64 |
|
≥
85 |
17.95 |
21.01 |
18.4 |
17.52 |
16.72 |
16.03 |
|
Gender |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.0054 |
Female |
54.37 |
58.08 |
56.32 |
55.31 |
51.62 |
50.56 |
|
Male |
45.63 |
41.92 |
43.68 |
44.69 |
48.38 |
49.44 |
|
Race |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.0813 |
White
|
87.01 |
88.07 |
85.32 |
88.2 |
88.18 |
85 |
|
Non-white |
12.99 |
11.93 |
14.68 |
11.8 |
11.82 |
15 |
|
Median
household income quartile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.193 |
1st
(< $48,683) |
26.61 |
25.92 |
27.09 |
25 |
26.24 |
28.98 |
|
2nd
($48,683-$67,236) |
24.73 |
23.75 |
25.95 |
23.93 |
23.76 |
26.48 |
|
3rd
($67,237-$81,714) |
24.23 |
23.97 |
23.92 |
23.93 |
25.56 |
23.75 |
|
4th
(> $81,714) |
24.43 |
26.36 |
23.04 |
27.15 |
24.44 |
20.8 |
|
Education
level quartile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.1118 |
1st
(< 17.3% college or higher) |
23.3 |
20.72 |
24.68 |
21.24 |
23.65 |
26.59 |
|
2nd
(17.3%-27.0%) |
26 |
25.16 |
25.06 |
26.18 |
26.24 |
27.27 |
|
3rd
(27.1%-43.5%) |
25.5 |
26.25 |
25.06 |
26.29 |
25.68 |
24.09 |
|
4th
(> 43.5%) |
25.2 |
27.87 |
25.19 |
26.29 |
24.44 |
22.05 |
|
Product
type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.8045 |
HMO |
95.72 |
95.8 |
95.87 |
95.97 |
95.99 |
95.72 |
|
PPO |
4.28 |
4.2 |
4.13 |
4.03 |
4.01 |
4.28 |
|
Comorbidities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Obesity |
15.03 |
13.05 |
11.76 |
14.57 |
16.42 |
19.08 |
0.0002 |
Tobacco
use |
8.6 |
6.36 |
8.14 |
8.09 |
9.5 |
11 |
0.0077 |
Hypertension |
90.39 |
89.32 |
89.49 |
91.06 |
91.17 |
90.8 |
0.5148 |
Hyperlipidemia |
86.12 |
85.87 |
83.48 |
86.91 |
87.04 |
87.98 |
0.1718 |
Ischemic
heart disease |
11.3 |
8.41 |
9.51 |
9.79 |
14.41 |
14.37 |
<
0.0001 |
Stroke |
15.39 |
14.35 |
15.64 |
15.11 |
15.75 |
16.16 |
0.8493 |
Anxiety |
6.87 |
5.72 |
6.38 |
7.02 |
7.71 |
7.52 |
0.43 |
Depression |
8.29 |
8.2 |
6.88 |
6.38 |
8.72 |
11.22 |
0.002 |
Chronic
kidney disease |
22.48 |
17.15 |
20.65 |
21.17 |
24.13 |
29.41 |
<
0.0001 |
Diabetic
complications |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diabetic
retinopathy |
17.45 |
12.62 |
13.77 |
17.55 |
22.79 |
20.31 |
<
0.0001 |
Diabetic
neuropathy |
18.31 |
14.02 |
15.27 |
18.72 |
21.79 |
21.55 |
<
0.0001 |
Diabetic
nephropathy |
12.83 |
9.49 |
11.76 |
12.23 |
13.07 |
17.62 |
<
0.0001 |
Modified
Charlson comorbidity index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
<
0.0001 |
0 |
26.68 |
32.58 |
30.41 |
25.43 |
22.57 |
22.67 |
|
1-2 |
34.19 |
35.49 |
33.67 |
38.62 |
30.95 |
31.87 |
|
≥
3 |
39.13 |
31.93 |
35.92 |
35.96 |
46.48 |
45.45 |
|
Emergency
department visit |
30.62 |
26.4 |
27.66 |
27.71 |
34.23 |
37.11 |
<
0.0001 |
Number
of outpatient visit* |
1
(0-3) |
1
(0-3) |
1
(0-3) |
1
(0-3) |
2
(0-4) |
2
(1-4) |
<
0.0001 |
Any
hospitalization |
18.89 |
13.25 |
14.77 |
17.73 |
24.19 |
24.33 |
<
0.0001 |
Number
of PCP/internist visit* |
9
(5-16) |
8
(4-14) |
9
(4-14) |
9
(5-16) |
11
(6-18) |
10
(6-18) |
0.0134 |
Endocrinologist
visit |
19.96 |
14.22 |
13.39 |
19 |
24.53 |
28.25 |
<
0.0001 |
Nephrologist
visit |
10.32 |
7.11 |
8.01 |
11.25 |
11.04 |
14.01 |
<
0.0001 |
Podiatrist |
33.15 |
33.08 |
29.29 |
32.06 |
35.45 |
35.54 |
0.0353 |
Cardiologist |
52.65 |
46.55 |
53.32 |
52.55 |
55.96 |
55.16 |
0.0005 |
Number
of specialist visit* |
4
(1-9) |
3
(1-7) |
4
(1-8) |
4
(1-8) |
5
(2-11) |
5
(2-10) |
<
0.0001 |
Ambulance
use |
44.59 |
37.93 |
41.43 |
43.63 |
49.61 |
50.34 |
<
0.0001 |
Echography |
27.74 |
23.38 |
28.54 |
26.96 |
32.78 |
32.62 |
<
0.0001 |
EKG |
44.24 |
38.58 |
47.31 |
44.48 |
46.38 |
44.96 |
0.0019 |
Stress
test |
11.84 |
8.94 |
12.64 |
10.62 |
13.38 |
13.9 |
0.0048 |
DxCG risk score tertile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
<
0.0001 |
1st
(< 3.456) |
33.02 |
37.82 |
34.29 |
34.18 |
29.88 |
28.81 |
|
2nd
(3.456-7.172) |
33 |
34.7 |
35.67 |
33.76 |
30.55 |
30.49 |
|
3rd
(> 7.172) |
33.98 |
27.48 |
30.04 |
32.06 |
39.58 |
40.7 |
|
Number
of distinct generic drug* |
10
(7-14) |
9
(6-12) |
9
(6-13) |
10
(7-13) |
11
(7-15) |
12
(8-16) |
<
0.0001 |
Insulin
use |
22.75 |
10.02 |
13.89 |
19.43 |
27.31 |
42.83 |
<
0.0001 |
Statin
use |
72.97 |
74.35 |
72.34 |
73.35 |
68 |
76.68 |
0.001 |
Antidiabetic MPR ≥ 80%** |
70.1 |
68.86 |
69.09 |
69.85 |
69.23 |
73.43 |
0.1885 |
Number
of HbA1c testing |
3
(3-4) |
3
(3-3) |
3
(3-4) |
3
(3-4) |
3
(3-4) |
3
(3-4) |
<
0.0001 |
Mean
HbA1c |
6.80
(6.28-7.53) |
6.27
(6.00-6.64) |
6.48
(6.13-6.88) |
6.77
(6.33-7.27) |
7.10
(6.60-7.70) |
7.87
(7.30-8.73) |
<
0.0001 |
Absolute
change in HbA1c |
0.1
(-0.2-0.4) |
0.0
(-0.1-0.1) |
0.1
(-0.1-0.3) |
0.2
(-0.3-0.4) |
0.1
(-0.6-0.7) |
-0.2
(-1.3-1.1) |
<
0.0001 |
HbA1c
> 9% in next year |
21.89 |
15.37 |
15.88 |
18.14 |
22.13 |
28.48 |
<
0.0001 |
*data presented as median
(interquartile range)
**
MPR, medication
possession ratio was averaged across medication classes for subjects taking
medications from more than 1 drug class. Non adherence was defined as MPR <
80%.
***comparisons between values for members
among different quintile of HbA1c variability.