Table 2: Comparison of age, physical, upper limb anthropometric characteristics, hand functional status, dominant and non-dominant hand grip strength between male and female participants.
Variable |
All (n = 150) Mean ± SD |
Male (n = 82) Mean ± SD |
Female (n = 68) Mean ± SD |
t-cal. |
p-valuea |
Age (year) |
59.10 ± 12.13 |
60.72 ± 12.72 |
58.24 ± 11.31 |
1.257 |
0.211 |
Weight (Kg) |
78.82 ± 9.75 |
78.24 ± 8.62 |
84.66 ± 8.62 |
2.466 |
0.624 |
Height (m) |
1.63 ± 3.44 |
1.69 ± 1.12 |
1.54 ± 0.74 |
3.624 |
0.048* |
BMI (Kg/m2) |
30.84 ± 2.62 |
27.93 ± 3.29 |
35.70 ± 2.26 |
4.729 |
0.021* |
RArG (cm) |
30.32 ± 4.87 |
30.05 ± 4.73 |
30.64 ± 5.37 |
-0.743 |
0.459 |
RFaG (cm) |
26.60 ± 3.13 |
27.46 ± 3.21 |
25.58 ± 2.72 |
2.934 |
0.001** |
RHLg (cm) |
19.33 ± 1.22 |
19.75 ± 1.11 |
18.68 ± 1.07 |
5.989 |
0.001* |
RHSp (cm) |
19.33 ± 1.57 |
20.00 ± 1.51 |
18.51 ± 1.24 |
6.538 |
0.001* |
RPLg (cm) |
11.17 ± 0.72 |
11.45 ± 0.67 |
10.82 ± 0.62 |
6.001 |
0.001** |
RWrC (cm) |
16.55 ± 1.81 |
17.10 ± 1.79 |
15.88 ± 1.59 |
4.380 |
0.001** |
LArG (cm) |
30.10 ± 4.49 |
30.17 ± 4.50 |
30.01 ± 4.51 |
0.217 |
0.828 |
LFaG (cm) |
26.33 ± 3.14 |
26.95 ± 4.052 |
25.12 ± 2.99 |
3.012 |
0.003* |
LHLg (cm) |
19.51 ± 1.23 |
20.05 ± 1.13 |
18.85 ± 1.15 |
6.432 |
0.001** |
LHSp (cm) |
19.52 ± 1.49 |
20.53 ± 2.17 |
18.89 ± 1.20 |
5.582 |
0.001** |
LPLg (cm) |
11.23 ± 0.81 |
11.53 ± 0.74 |
11.10 ± 2.15 |
1.706 |
0.090 |
LWrC (cm) |
16.64 ± 1.74 |
17.01 ± 1.77 |
16.15 ± 1.64 |
3.102 |
0.002* |
FBS (mmol-1) |
6.72 ± 2.18 |
6.68 ± 2.32 |
7.14 ± 2.14 |
-0.509 |
0.466 |
HFS |
58.05 ± 10.14 |
65.22 ± 8.35 |
42.22 ± 8.35 |
2.442 |
0.021* |
HGS-D (Kgf) |
26.35 ± 9.10 |
30.42 ± 8.74 |
21.37 ± 6.80 |
7.153 |
0.001** |
HGS-ND (Kgf) |
24.65 ± 8.60 |
28.40 ± 8.39 |
20.08 ± 6.394 |
6.913 |
0.001* |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; Data are mean ± SD.
RArG: Right arm girth; RFaG: Right forearm girth; RHLg: Right hand length; RHSp: Right hand span; RPLg: Right palm length; RWrC: Right wrist circumference; LArG: Left arm girth; LFaG: Left forearm girth; LHLg: Left hand length; LHSp: Left hand span; LPLg: Left palm length; LWrC: Left wrist circumference; FBS: Fasting blood sugar; HFS: Hand functional status; HGS-D: Dominant hand grip strength; HGS-ND: Non-dominant hand grip strength; aComparing males and females.