Table 2: Comparison of age, physical, upper limb anthropometric characteristics, hand functional status, dominant and non-dominant hand grip strength between male and female participants.

 

Variable

All (n = 150)

Mean ± SD

Male (n = 82)

Mean ± SD

Female (n = 68)

Mean ± SD

 

t-cal.

 

p-valuea

Age (year)

59.10 ± 12.13

60.72 ± 12.72

58.24 ± 11.31

1.257

0.211

Weight (Kg)

78.82 ± 9.75

78.24 ± 8.62

84.66 ± 8.62

2.466

0.624

Height (m)

1.63 ± 3.44

1.69 ± 1.12

1.54 ± 0.74

3.624

0.048*

BMI (Kg/m2)

30.84 ± 2.62

27.93 ± 3.29

35.70 ± 2.26

4.729

0.021*

RArG (cm)

30.32 ± 4.87

30.05 ± 4.73

30.64 ± 5.37

-0.743

0.459

RFaG (cm)

26.60 ± 3.13

27.46 ± 3.21

25.58 ± 2.72

2.934

0.001**

RHLg (cm)

19.33 ± 1.22

19.75 ± 1.11

18.68 ± 1.07

5.989

0.001*

RHSp (cm)

19.33 ± 1.57

20.00 ± 1.51

18.51 ± 1.24

6.538

0.001*

RPLg (cm)

11.17 ± 0.72

11.45 ± 0.67

10.82 ± 0.62

6.001

0.001**

RWrC (cm)

16.55 ± 1.81

17.10 ± 1.79

15.88 ± 1.59

4.380

0.001**

LArG (cm)

30.10 ± 4.49

30.17 ± 4.50

30.01 ± 4.51

0.217

0.828

LFaG (cm)

26.33 ± 3.14

26.95 ± 4.052

25.12 ± 2.99

3.012

0.003*

LHLg (cm)

19.51 ± 1.23

20.05 ± 1.13

18.85 ± 1.15

6.432

0.001**

LHSp (cm)

19.52 ± 1.49

20.53 ± 2.17

18.89 ± 1.20

5.582

0.001**

LPLg (cm)

11.23 ± 0.81

11.53 ± 0.74

11.10 ± 2.15

1.706

0.090 

LWrC (cm)

16.64 ± 1.74

17.01 ± 1.77

16.15 ± 1.64

3.102

0.002*

FBS (mmol-1)

6.72 ± 2.18

6.68 ± 2.32

7.14 ± 2.14

-0.509

0.466

HFS

58.05 ± 10.14

65.22 ± 8.35

42.22 ± 8.35

2.442

0.021*

HGS-D (Kgf)

26.35 ± 9.10

30.42 ± 8.74

21.37 ± 6.80

7.153

0.001**

HGS-ND (Kgf)

24.65 ± 8.60

28.40 ± 8.39

20.08 ± 6.394

6.913

0.001*

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; Data are mean ± SD.

RArG: Right arm girth; RFaG: Right forearm girth; RHLg: Right hand length; RHSp: Right hand span; RPLg: Right palm length; RWrC: Right wrist circumference; LArG: Left arm girth; LFaG: Left forearm girth; LHLg: Left hand length; LHSp: Left hand span; LPLg: Left palm length; LWrC: Left wrist circumference; FBS: Fasting blood sugar; HFS: Hand functional status; HGS-D: Dominant hand grip strength; HGS-ND: Non-dominant hand grip strength; aComparing males and females.