Table 2: Comparison results by smoking status.

 

Smoker

(n = 114)

Ex-Smoker

(n = 178)

Non-Smoker

(n = 240)

p-value

Age

 

0.021

 ± sd

Median (Q1-Q3)

57.34 ± 8.31

56.50 (50.00-63.00)

59.16 ± 9.02

58.00 (52.00-64.00)

60.20 ± 9.33

59.00 (53.00-67.00)

Duration of Diabetes (Year)

 

0.002+

 ± sd

Median (Q1-Q3)

9.10 ± 6.10

8.00 (4.00-13.00)

10.00 ± 6.82

9.00 (5.00-15.00)

11.73 ± 7.24

10.00 (6.00-16.00)

Time to Switch to Insulin After Diagnosis (Year)

 

 

0.000+

 ± sd

Median (Q1-Q3)

5.50 ± 5.01

4.00 (2.00-8.00)

6.72 ± 5.2

5.00 (2.00-10.00)

8.30 ± 6.32

7.00 (3.00-11.50)

Insulin Using Time

 ± sd

Median (Q1-Q3)

3.82 ± 3.36

3.00 (1.00-5.00)

3.51 ± 3.32

3.00 (1.00-4.00)

3.64 ± 3.34

2.00 (1.00-5.00)

0.829+

Diabetes Onset Age

 

0.955+

 ± sd

Median (Q1-Q3)

48.25 ± 7.81

48.00 (43.00-54.00)

49.16 ± 10.53

47.00 (42.00-56.00)

48.47 ± 8.78

47.00 (42.00-53.00)

HbA1c

 

0.064+

 ± sd

Median (Q1-Q3)

8.71 ± 2.14

8.15 (7.20-10.00)

8.12 ± 1.66

7.75 (6.80-9.30)

8.48 ± 1.99

7.95 (7.10-9.45)

BMI (kg/m2)

 

0.009+

 ± sd

Median (Q1-Q3)

28.97 ± 5.19

28.55 (24.80-32.60)

29.92 ± 4.66

29.20 (27.00-32.30)

30.86 ± 5.46

30.40 (26.80-33.90)

Educational Status (n, %)

< 0.000*

No Information in File

22 (19.30)

28 (15.70)

5 (2.10)

Unschooled

30 (26.30)

36 (20.20)

58 (24.20)

Literate

22 (19.30)

27 (18.70)

27 (11.30)

Primary school

33 (28.90)

57 (32.00)

122 (50.80)

Middle School

3 (2.60)

11 (6.20)

11 (4.60)

High school

3 (2.60)

11 (6.20)

9 (3.80)

University

1 (0.90)

8 (4.50)

8 (3.30)

Marital status (n, %)

0.185*

The married

99 (86.80)

158 (88.80)

201 (83.80)

Single

1 (0.90)

1 (0.60)

4 (1.70)

Widow

14 (12.30)

19 (10.70)

35 (14.60)

Treatment Protocol (n, %)

0.232*

OAD + insulin

45 (39.50)

70 (39.30)

94 (39.20)

Pre-mix insulin

31 (27.20)

57 (32.00)

84 (35.00)

Intensive insulin

38 (33.30)

51 (28.70)

62 (25.80)

‡One Way Variance Analysis (ANOVA); +Kruskal Wallis Test; *Pearson Chi-Square Test