Table 2: Spike protein-based vaccines and antiviral therapies against SARS-CoV.
Vaccines* |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Full-length S protein |
Induces effective neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses as well as protective immunity |
Might induce harmful immune responses that cause liver damage or enhanced infection |
DNA-based |
Easier to design, Induces immunoglobulin G, Neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses and/or Protective immunity |
Might have low efficacy in humans, Repeated doses may cause toxicity |
Viral vector-based |
Induces neutralizing-antibody responses, Protective immunity and/or T-cell responses |
Might induce ADE effect, Possibly present pre-existing immunity |
Recombinant S protein-based |
Induces high neutralizing-antibody responses and Protective immunity |
Mainly humoral responses, Need repeated doses and Adjuvants |
RBD |
Induces highly potent neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses and Protective immunity |
Not identified |
DNA-based |
Induces neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses and/or Protective immunity |
Induces low responses, Might not neutralize mutants |
Viral vector-based |
Induces neutralizing-antibody responses, Protective immunity and/or T-cell responses |
Possible genomic integration of foreign DNA, Viral vector instability |
Recombinant RBD protein-based |
Safer and more effective than other RBD vaccines, Induces neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, Protective immunity and Cross protection |
Needs repeated doses and Adjuvants |