Table 2: Spike protein-based vaccines and antiviral therapies against SARS-CoV.

Vaccines*

Advantages

Disadvantages

Full-length S protein

Induces effective neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses as well as protective immunity

Might induce harmful immune responses that cause liver damage or enhanced infection

DNA-based

Easier to design, Induces immunoglobulin G, Neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses and/or Protective immunity

Might have low efficacy in humans, Repeated doses may cause toxicity

Viral vector-based

Induces neutralizing-antibody responses, Protective immunity and/or T-cell responses

Might induce ADE effect, Possibly present pre-existing immunity

Recombinant S protein-based

Induces high neutralizing-antibody responses and Protective immunity

Mainly humoral responses, Need repeated doses and Adjuvants

RBD

Induces highly potent neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses and Protective immunity

Not identified

DNA-based

Induces neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses and/or Protective immunity

Induces low responses, Might not neutralize mutants

Viral vector-based

Induces neutralizing-antibody responses, Protective immunity and/or T-cell responses

Possible genomic integration of foreign DNA, Viral vector instability

Recombinant RBD protein-based

Safer and more effective than other RBD vaccines, Induces neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, Protective immunity and Cross protection

Needs repeated doses and Adjuvants