Author;
No. of patients
|
Design; Duration,
Intervention
|
Outcomes |
Results |
Huang (1996) [43]
n=7
|
Nat study
3 months
7 SCH + AD
RIS (dose N.S.)
|
Alcohol use |
Reduction in alcohol use |
Berk et al. (2000) [54]
n=30
|
Pros, DB, RCT
4 weeks
CIPD + CAA
RIS (6 mg/d) (n=15) or HAL (10 mg/d) (n=15)
|
Psychopathology (BPRS)
Side effects (EPS)
|
No differences in the reduction of psychopathology, no differences in EPS |
Grupta and Basu (2001) [47]
n=1
|
CR
10 months
SCH + OD
RIS (4 mg/day)
|
Psychopathology
Substance use
Craving
|
Reduction of psychopathology, substance use and craving |
Albanese (2001) [44]
n=14
|
Nat study, CS
9 weeks
7 SCH and SAD + SUD
Alcohol (57%), Cocaine (36%), Opiate (7%), polyvalent (21%)
Add-on RIS (2-8 mg/d, average 3.6 mg/d)
|
Clinical response
Tolerability
|
11 of 14 patients showed clinical improvement. RIS was well tolerated |
Casas et al. (2001) [48]
n=180
|
OL
6 months
PSY + OA or OD
RIS (0.5-12 mg/d, average 2.4 mg/d)
|
Psychopathology (BPRS, CGI, DDS-SV)
Opiate use
Side effects (UKU)
|
Improvement in psychopathology and reduction in opiate use from 39% to 18%
Reduction in neurological side effects (p< 0.0001)
|
Bobes et al. (2001) [49]
n=146
|
Pros, MC, OL
6 months
PSY + SA or SD
RIS (N. S. dose)
|
Psychopathology (BPRS, CGI, DAS)
Side effects (UKU)
Cocaine and cannabis use
|
Rates of patients using cocaine decreased from 89.7% to 17.7% and rates of patients using cannabis decreased from 52.1% to 27.1%, being these differences statistically significant (p< 0.0001) |
Gutierrez et al. (2001) [50]
n=146
|
Alcohol use |
Rates of patients using alcohol was reduced from 68.5% to 33.3% , being these differences statistically significant (p< 0.0001)
|
Smelson et al. (2002) [51]
n=18
|
Pros, OL
6 weeks
SCH + SUD
Cocaine (100%)
RIS (6 mg/d) (n=8) or TAP (n=10)
|
Psychopathology (PANSS)
Substance use
Substance craving (VCCQ)
|
Reduction in psychopathology (trend towards significance in the PANSS negative ant total subscale), of substance use and craving |
Tsuang et al. (2002) [28]
n=2
|
CR
2 months
SCH + COD
RIS (8 mg/d)
|
Psychopathology
Cocaine use and craving
|
After switching from TAP to RIS there were no changes of craving and cocaine use, as well as of psychopathology |
Green et al. (2003) [55]
n=41
|
Ret, OL
12 months
SCH or SAD + SUD or AUD
Alcohol (78%), Cannabis (51%)
RIS (average 3.9 mg/d) (n=8) or CLO (average 440 mg/d) (n=33)
|
Substance use |
Significantly more patients stopped SU with CLO (54%) than with RIS (12.5%) |
Rubio et al. (2006) [52]
n=115
|
MC, OL, RCT
24 weeks
SCH + SUD
LAR (47 mg/2 weeks) + RIS (3.4 mg/d) (n=57) or depot ZUC (200 mg/3 weeks) + Oral ZUC (15 mg/d) (n=58)
|
Substance use (UTS)
Psychopathology (PANSS)
Side effects
Compliance
|
Significantly less drug use (fewer positive UTS), greater improvement in psychopathology (PANSS), less EPS and better compliance with LAR |
Stuyt et al. (2006) [38]
n=55
|
Ret, OL
2 years
SCH (61%) or SAD (54%) + SUD or AUD
Polyvalent SUD (34%), Alcohol (27%), Cocaine (16%), other SUD (21%)
OLZ (2.5-30 mg/d, mean dosage 18.7 mg/d) (n=15) or RIS (n=16) (2-8 mg/d, mean dosage 3.9 mg/d) or ZIP (60-160 mg/d, mean dosage 132.8 mg/d) (n=10) or TAP depot (n=10)
|
Retention rate
Success in completing a DD Programme
|
RIS and ZIP had higher rates of retention compared to OLZ (p=0.0002 and p=0.004, for RIS and ZIP respectively) and TAP (p=0.003 and p=0.03, for RIS and ZIP, respectively). No significant differences in length of stay were found between RIS and ZIP. 88% of RIS patients and 64% of ZIP completed the DD program, whereas only 40% of patients taking TAP and 33% of patients in the OLZ successfully completed the program. This difference in successful completion was statistically significant for RIS vs OLZ (p=0.02) and TAP (p=0.017) |
Albanese and Suh (2006) [45]
n=16
|
Nat study
N.S. duration
DD (N.S.) + COD
RIS (mean dose 2.3 mg/d)
|
Overall functioning (CGI)
Craving
Safety (AIMS)
Compliance
|
81% of the patients improved in the CGI scale, 100% of the patients reported mild o no craving, 88% completed the programme |
Akelere and Levin (2007) [33]
n=28
|
P, DB, RCT
14 weeks
SCH + SUD
Cannabis (93%), Cocaine (78%), Alcohol (4%)
OLZ (5-20 mg/d) or RIS (3-9 mg/d)
|
Psychopathology (PANSS, HDRS, CGI)
Substance use and craving (MCR, CCR, QSUI, UTS)
Side effects (AIMS, SAS)
|
Trend for a greater reduction of cocaine positive urines and significantly less self-reported days of use (for any drug) (p=0.02) in the OLZ group. There was a significant reduction in cannabis craving in the RIS group, with no modifications in the OLZ group (p=0.04). There were no significant differences between groups in cocaine craving |
Kim et al. (2008) [56]
n=61
|
Pros, Nat, Obs
2 years
SCH + AUD
CLO (mean dosage 423.6 mg/d) (n=25) or RIS (mean dosage 7.6 mg/d) (n=36)
|
Hospitalization rates
Time to hospitalization
|
CLO treated patients were readmitted to hospital significantly later than the RIS treated patients (p=0.045). At the end of the study, 75% of the RIS treated patients had been admitted to the hospital, compared to 48% of patients of the CLO treated patients |
Van Nimwegen et al. (2008) [34]
n=128
|
MC, Pros, DB, RCT
6 weeks
RO-SCH, 41.3% of whom used cannabis
OLZ (5-20 mg/d, mean dosage 11.1 mg/d) (n=63) or RIS (1-5 mg/d, mean dosage 3 mg/d) (n=65)
|
Subjective well-being (SWN)
Cannabis craving (OCDUS, DDQ)
|
Similar improvements in subjective well-being were found in both groups. Similar decrease in craving for cannabis was found in both treatment conditions |
Kim et al. (2010) [37]
n=139
|
Pros, RCT
8 weeks
SCH + ND
OLZ (n=32) or RIS (n=41) or ARI (n=31) or HAL (n=35)
|
Psychopathology (SANS, SAPS)
EPS (AIMS)
Severity of ND and cigarette craving (FTQ)
|
No significant differences in the degrees of change in psychiatric symptoms among the four groups. At 8 weeks, HAL was associated with higher EPS (p< 0.01). HAL was associated with less reduction in the severity of ND (p< 0.01) and cigarette craving (p< 0.01) compared to AAP. Among AAP, RIS increased cigarette craving (p=0.03), there were no significant changes in ND severity and cigarette craving associated with OLZ, and ARI showed a reduction in both severity of ND and cigarette craving (p< 0.01) |
Sevy et al. (2011) [35]
n=49
|
Pros, RCT
16 weeks
FE-SCH (SCH, SCHD, SAD) + CAUD
OLZ (2,5-20 mg/d, mean dosage 15 mg/d) (n=28) or RIS (1-6 mg/d, mean dosage 4 mg/d) (n=21)
|
Psychopathology (SADS-C+PD, CGI, SANS)
Substance Use (SUQ)
|
OLZ group did not differ significantly from RIS group in initial response rates of positive symptoms and rates of cannabis use or alcohol use. Negative symptoms (global asociality-anhedonia) improved over time but did not differ between groups |
Machielsen et al. (2012) [36]
n=123
|
MC, Long, Nat study
6 years
SCH, SCHD, SAD, DED or PDNOS + CAD
CLO (mean dosage 350 mg/d) (n=23) or RIS (mean dosage 3.46 mg/d) (n=48) or OLZ (mean dosage 13.78 mg/d) (n=52)
|
Cannabis craving (OCDUS-CAN) |
There were significant differences in craving reduction between RIS and CLO (p=0.001), and between RIS and OLZ (p=0.025), in favour of CLO and OLZ. No significant differences were found between CLO and OLZ |
Farnia et al. (2014) [53]
n=45
|
Pros, DB, RCT
1 year follow-up
AMP induced psychosis
RIS (4 mg/d) or ARI (15 mg/d)
|
Psychopathology (SANS, SAPS) |
SANS and SAPS scores decreased significantly in both groups. Mean SAPS score reduction was greater in the RIS group (p< 0.001). Mean SANS score reduction was greater in the ARI group (p=0.08) |