Table 3: Clinical and cognitive features between lower and higher cognitive group. The frequency of SPD and CD errors was significantly common in the lower cognitive group

Lower cognitive group (n=286) Higher cognitive group (n=218) p-value
Age (yrs) 70.55 63.97 0.00
Female (%) 151 (52.8%) 116 (53.2%) ns
Education 7.8 ± 4.3 10.1 ± 4.1 0.00
Mean K-MMSE scores 24.7 ± 0.8 28.1 ± 1.0 0.00
Mean 3MS scores 74.8 ± 7.5 87.3 ± 6.4 0.00
Mean CDT score 7.1 ± 3.0 8.6 ± 2.0 0.00
Mean CDT time 62.1 ± 28.1 48.0 ± 28.5 0.00
Error type (%) SBR 24.1 29 ns
CD 53.8 41.9 0.00
SPD 76.6 67.7 0.00
PE 8.9 25.8 ns


Yrs: years; K-MMSE: Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination, 3MS: Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) test, CDT: Clock Drawing Test, SBR: Stimulus-bound Response, CD: Conceptual Deficit, SPD: Spatial and/or Planning Deficit, PE: Perseveration Error, ns: no significance.