Table 2: Summary of empirical data from head mounted display meta-analysis studies.
Author | Country | Subjects
Male Female |
Mean age Age range (years) | HMDa (s) Used | Time of exposure | Results |
Jaeger [48] | USA | 60
42M 18F |
(18 - 40) | Unidentified HMD | 13 - 23 min | Females were significantly more affected than males by simulator activities. Longer time intervals were associated with significantly greater symptoms of SSb and perceived discomfort. Comparison of scores between distance judgment and movement production activities produced no significant results. Individuals who used the static simulator were significantly more affected than those with similar exposure times in the dynamic simulator. |
Blom [45] | Spain | 31
13M 18F |
27.3 ± 7.1 | NVIS nVisor SX111 | Two exposures of 6 - 7 min | Limited evidence of sickness, including rotated conditions. This may be due to improved technologies or differences in tasks, or it may be because in our experiment participants had a virtual body. |
Kolasinski[49] | USA | 40
20M 20F |
22.7 ± 4.7 (19 - 46) | i-glasses™ | 20 min | Sickness could be severe and may involve lingering and/or delayed effects. Gender differences in mean sickness scores were not statistically significant. A significant negative correlation between IPDc and eyestrain symptoms and between sickness scores and final level reached in Ascent. |
Moss [34] | USA | 80
30M 50F |
19.5 (18 - 24) | ProView™ XL 50 | Varied | Compared with no added delay, an additional 200 ms of display delay did not result in increased SS. However, SS was greater when peripheral vision was occluded than when it was not. Peripheral vision moderated the effects of image scale factor and delay on head movement velocity. |
Ehrlich [50] | USA | 57
23M 34F |
22.8 ± 5.1 (18 - 43) | Various unidentified HMDs | Not Stated | Dropouts experienced significantly more nausea than did finishers. The most severe symptom for dropouts was primarily disorientation followed by nausea. For finishers the most severe symptom was also disorientation but followed equally by either nausea or oculomotor discomfort. |
Stanney [32] | USA | 60 | Not Stated | Virtual Research V6 | 15 - 45 min | Subjective symptomatology experienced by users after VEd exposure is substantial, persistent and statistically significant. |
Stanney [33] | USA | 34
20M 14F |
25.8 ± 4.7 | Kaiser Electro - Optics Virtual Immersion | 30 min | When post-discomfort was compared to a pre-baseline, participants reported more sickness afterward. Change in felt limb position resulted in subjects pointing higher and slightly to the left; the latter difference was not statistically significant. |
Ling [43] | Netherlands | 86 | 28.0 ± 6.3 (18 - 70) | eMagin Z800 | 17 min | No significant effect of stereoscopy on simulator sickness compared with non-stereoscopic viewing conditions. No significant correlation between SS score and level of presence. |
Lubos [46] | Germany | 27
9M 18F |
21.78 (19 - 25) | Oculus Rift DK1 | 36 min | Increase in simulator sickness over the experiment time was significant. |
Lubos [47] | Germany | 12
9M 3F |
25.33 (19 - 36) | Oculus Rift DK1 | 26 min | No significant effect of increase in simulator sickness over the experiment time. |
Draper [51] | USA | E1:11
6M 5F E2:10 6M 4F |
E1:28.5 (19 - 39), E2:27.4 (23 - 36) | Virtual i/O i-glasses™ | 10, 20, 30 min | SS symptoms were significantly greater in minification (0.5) and magnification (2.0) image scale factor conditions than in neutral condition (1.0). SS did not vary with time delay changes. |
Pölönen [52] | Finland | 78
38M 40F |
33.5 (21 - 53) | iTheater | 40 min | NEDe use induced slight sickness, but many of these shortcomings could be diminished with improved NED headset ergonomics and display quality. |
Pölönen [37] | Finland | 97
48M 49F |
33.8 (23 - 45) | iTheater, MyVu, Vuzix, Zeiss | 40 min | All NEDs induced eyestrain and sickness symptoms; magnitude of these symptoms varied according to the device. Adverse symptoms were related to problems with the display optics and design, text layout, headset fit, use context, individual differences. |
Merhi [53] | USA | 24
13M 11F |
22 (17 - 35) | Visette - Pro | up to 50 min | Commercial console video game systems can induce motion sickness. |
Sharples [54] | UK | 71
38M 33/F |
Not Given | Virtual research V8 | 30 min | Higher reported symptoms (nausea) in HMD compared with desktop viewing and in HMD compared with reality theatre viewing (nausea, oculomotor symptoms, disorientation). |
Takada [44] | Japan | 13 | 23 ± 6.2 | iWear AV920 | 2 min | 3-D movies can affect lateral body sway, thereby causing VIMSf. |
Järvenpää [39] | Finland | 232
123M 109F |
34.5 (21 - 53) | Five unidentified HMDs, likely including HMDs from Toni Järvenpää [50] |
40 min, 95 min | Determination of NED characteristics helps to predict the subjective experiences, but the nature of the relation between subjective and objective findings is complex and depends on several NED-, user- and task-related features. |
aHMD: HZead-Mounted Display; bSS: Simulator Sickness; cIPD: Inter-Pupillary Distance; dVE: Virtual Environment; eNED: Near to Eye Display; fVIMS: Visually-Induced Motion sickness.