Table 5: Eye symptoms related to vection in a head mounted display environment.

Study HMD Vection Immersion times (minutes) Eye symptom
So [93] Virtual Research VR4 3D VEa viewing, E1: visual scene oscillation in the yaw axis
(angular velocity was 30°/second and the range of oscillation was
± 60°), E2: visual scene was stationary.		 20 Total severity scores of SSb questionnaires and three SS
Questionnaire sub-scores increased significantly after both conditions
(with and without scene movement); with the absence of scene movement,
these scores were significantly less.
Mourant [76] Virtual Research VR8 3D VE: virtual driving simulator three types: highway (60 mphc),
rural (60 mph), city (25 mph)		 Participants in the highway (60 mph) or rural road (60 mph) virtual environments
reported more symptoms than those in the city virtual environment (25 mph).
So [92] Virtual Research VR4 3D VE: Speeds of 3.3, 4.3, 5.9, 7.9, 9.5, 23.6, 29.6, and 59.2 m/sd RMSe
in the fore-and-aft axis		 30 Vection sensation and sickness symptoms increased with increasing navigation
speeds from 3 m/s to 10 m/s RMS. Beyond 10 m/s RMS, both vection and sickness
stabilized and remained steady as speeds increased further to 59 m/s RMS.
Lo [94] Virtual Research VR4 E1: Scene oscillations along different axes (pitch, yaw, roll or no oscillation),
E2: Without scene oscillations		 20 Nausea ratings and SS Questionnaire scores increased at higher rates in
the presence of scene oscillations than with no oscillation. Overall
effects of oscillations along different axes were not significant.
Kuze [17] Glasstron PLM-50 E1: Shaky video, E2: Stabilized video 20 Change in eyestrain scores was higher when viewing shaky video.
Davis [90] Oculus Rift DK 1 Two virtual roller coasters 14 The more realistic roller coaster with higher levels of visual flow
had a significantly greater chance of inducing sickness.

aVE: Virtual Environment; bSS: Simulator Sickness; cmph: Miles Per Hour; dm/s: Meters Per Second; eRMS: Root Mean Square.