Table 3: Population characteristics compared between periodontal status groups.
Gingivitis |
Periodontitis |
|||||||
n (%) |
Total n (%) |
Mild n (%) |
Moderate n (%) |
Severe n (%) |
p-value |
|||
Study population |
544 (68) |
256 (32) |
59 (23) |
90 (35) |
107 (42) |
- |
||
Age (mean ± SD in years) |
39.65 ± 14.65 |
50.54 ± 11.04 |
46.86 ± 12.01 |
52.12 ± 10.68 |
50.78 ± 10.93 |
0.000* |
||
Gender |
0.017** |
|||||||
Male |
256 (64.0) |
144 (36) |
27 (6.8) |
50 (12.5) |
67 (16.8) |
|||
Female |
288 (72.0) |
112 (28) |
32 (8.0) |
42 (10.5) |
38 (9.5) |
|||
Tobacco use (%) |
0.001** |
|||||||
No |
340 (62.5) |
133 (52.0) |
39 (66.1) |
47 (52.2) |
47 (43.9) |
|||
Yes |
204 (37.5) |
123 (48.0) |
20 (33.9) |
43 (47.8) |
60 (56.1) |
|||
Number of cigaretes smoke per day (mean ± SD) |
5.31 ± 8.04 |
7.25 ± 9.71 |
6.02 ± 9.07 |
7.20 ± 9.82 |
7.97 ± 9.98 |
0.002* |
||
Missing teeth (mean ± SD) |
4.01 ± 3.80 |
4.94 ± 4.47 |
4.41 ± 4.51 |
4.49 ± 3.98 |
5.52 ± 4.80 |
0.003* |
||
Tooth brushing habbit (%) |
0.000** |
|||||||
≤ Once/day |
170 (32) |
193 (75.4) |
40 (67.8) |
65 (72.2) |
87 (81.3) |
|||
≥ Twice/day |
370 (68) |
65 (24.6) |
19 (32.2) |
25 (27.8) |
20 (18.7) |
|||
Presence of systemic disease (%) |
0.000** |
|||||||
No |
334 (61.4) |
81 (31.6) |
24 (40.7) |
30 (33.3) |
27 (25.2) |
|||
Yes |
210 (38.6) |
175 (68.4) |
35 (59.3) |
60 (66.7) |
80 (74.8) |
|||
Hypertension (%) |
0.000** |
|||||||
No |
445 (81.8) |
126 (49.2) |
37 (62.7) |
51 (56.7) |
38 (35.5) |
|||
Yes |
99 (18.2) |
130 (50.8) |
22 (37.3) |
39 (43.3) |
69 (64.5) |
|||
Cardiovascular disease (%) |
0.02** |
|||||||
No |
485 (89.2) |
211 (82.4) |
51 (86.4) |
76 (84.4) |
84 (78.5) |
|||
Yes |
59 (10.8) |
45 (17.6) |
8 (13.6) |
14 (15.6) |
23 (21.5) |
|||
Diabetes (%) |
0.000** |
|||||||
No |
505 (92.8) |
189 (73.8) |
52 (88.1) |
66 (73.3) |
70 (65.4) |
|||
Yes |
39 (7.2) |
67 (26.2) |
7 (11.9) |
24 (26.7) |
37 (34.6) |
|||
Thyroid disease (%) |
0.880** |
|||||||
No |
495 (91.0) |
231 (90.2) |
54 (91.5) |
80 (88.9) |
99 (92.5) |
|||
Yes |
49 (9.0) |
25 (9.8) |
5 (8.5) |
10 (11.1) |
8 (7.5) |
|||
Gastrointestinaldisease (%) |
0.941** |
|||||||
No |
496 (91.2) |
233 (91.0) |
54 (91.5) |
79 (87.8) |
100 (93.5) |
|||
Yes |
48 (67.6) |
23 (9.0) |
5 (8.5) |
11 (12.2) |
7 (6.5) |
|||
Musculoskelethaldisease (%) |
0.817** |
|||||||
No |
532 (97.8) |
251 (98.0) |
59 (100) |
88 (97.8) |
104 (97.2) |
|||
Yes |
12 (2.2) |
5 (2.0) |
0 (0.0) |
2 (2.2) |
3 (2.8) |
|||
Infectious Disease (%) |
0.55** |
|||||||
Hepatitis B |
||||||||
No |
532 (97.8) |
244 (95.3) |
58 (100) |
83 (92.2) |
102 (95.3) |
|||
Yes |
12 (2.2) |
12 (4.7) |
0 (0.0) |
7 (7.8) |
5 (4.7) |
|||
AIDS |
||||||||
No |
542 (99.7) |
255 (99.6) |
59 (100) |
89 (98.8) |
107 (100) |
|||
Yes |
2 (0.3) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0.0) |
1 (0.2) |
0 (0.0) |
|||
Liver disease |
0.69** |
|||||||
No |
531 (97.6) |
244 (95.3) |
57 (96.6) |
83 (92.2) |
105 (98.1) |
|||
Yes |
13 (2.4) |
12 (4.7) |
2 (3.4) |
7 (7.8) |
2 (1.9) |
|||
Kidney disease |
0.274** |
|||||||
No |
525 (96.5) |
251 (98) |
58 (98.3) |
89 (98.9) |
104 (97.2) |
|||
Yes |
19 (3.6) |
5 (2.0) |
1 (1.7) |
1 (1.1) |
3 (2.8) |
|||
Respiratory disease |
0.890** |
|||||||
No |
499 (91.7) |
236 (92.2) |
53 (89.8) |
82 (91.1) |
101 (94.4) |
|||
Yes |
45 (8.3) |
20 (7.8) |
6 (10.2) |
8 (8.9) |
6 (5.6) |
|||
Anemia |
0.726** |
|||||||
No |
516 (94.9) |
245 (95.7) |
55 (93.2) |
88 (97.8) |
102 (95.3) |
|||
Yes |
28 (5.1) |
11 (4.3) |
4 (6.8) |
2 (2.2) |
5 (4.7) |
|||
Neoplasm |
1** |
|||||||
No |
534 (98.2) |
252 (98.4) |
58 (98.3) |
88 (97.8) |
106 (99.1) |
|||
Yes |
10 (1.8) |
4 (1.6) |
1 (1.7) |
2 (2.2) |
1 (0.9) |
|||
Osteoporosis |
0.457** |
|||||||
No |
530 (97.4) |
247 (96.5) |
55 (93.2) |
88 (97.8) |
104 (97.2) |
|||
Yes |
14 (2.6) |
9 (3.5) |
4 (6.8) |
2 (2.2) |
3 (2.8) |
|||
Psychological disease |
0.777** |
|||||||
No |
503 (92.5) |
235 (91.8) |
54 (91.5) |
86 (95.6) |
95 (88.8) |
|||
Yes |
41 (7.5) |
21 (8.2) |
5 (8.5) |
4 (4.4) |
12 (11.2) |
|||
Allergy |
0.179** |
|||||||
No |
519 (95.4) |
238 (93) |
53 (89.8) |
86 (95.6) |
99 (92.5) |
|||
Yes |
25 (4.6) |
18 (7) |
6 (10.2) |
4 (4.4) |
8 (7.5) |
*Mann Whitney U test; **Chi-square test with significant differences identified in bold (p value ≤ 0.05)