Summary of Key Findings of Racial Identity-Coping Studies.

Table 2: Summary of Key Findings of Racial Identity-Coping Studies.

Author/Year	Sample	Study Design	Findings
Johnson (2002) [37]	8 African Americans.	Focus group sessions conducted at a metropolitan city in Georgia.	Social support contributed to positive racial identity.
Sellers, Caldwell, Schmeelk-Cone, Zimmerman (2003) [38]	555 African American students with an average age of 20.	Longitudinal data analyses using Waves 4 and 5 from a larger longitudinal study of students who were academically at risk in an urban school district in Michigan.	Racial centrality was associated with lower levels of psychological distress. High racial centrality seemed to buffer the impact of racial discrimination and perceived stress.
Sellers and Shelton (2003) [39]	267 self-identified African American first-year college students who were in their first month of college.	Longitudinal data analyses.	Racial ideology and public regard moderated the positive relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress.
Franklin-Jackson and Carter (2007) [23]	255 Black adults (129 participants recruited from community organizations in Maryland, the District of Columbia, and New York City; 126 participants recruited through a national mail survey).	Cross-sectional data analyses.	High racial identity associated with lower levels of psychological distress and higher levels of psychological well-being.
Pieterse and Carter (2010) [24]	340 Black American who lived in the areas of New York or Washington, DC with ages ranging from 18 to 80 years.	Longitudinal data analyses.	Racial identity was associated with lower levels of stress and psychological distress and higher levels of psychological well-being, and lower levels of psychological distress.
Archibald (2010) [36]	A national multistage probability sample of 3,570 African Americans with ages ranging from 18 to 93 years.	Cross-sectional data analyses of the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), a nationally representative panel survey of adult African Americans.	Racial identity moderated the relationship between life stressors and depressive symptoms even in the presence of social support and sense of control.