Table 1: Ways and source of exposure to lead poisoning.
Environmental sources |
Other sources |
1. Interior or exterior paint, old putty, interior plaster, exterior decorative infrastructure (e.g., 'faux pewter' fencing) |
8. Cosmetics and religious powders (e.g., 'Swad' brand Sindoor, a cosmetic product used in Hinduism); 'Tiro' eye cosmetic from Nigeria; 'Kohl' or 'Surma' eye cosmetics from Africa, Middle East or Asia); lead acetate hair dyes |
2. Household lead-laden dust |
9. Fishing sinkers, curtain weights, automobile wheel balancing weights, ammunition (including pellets), lead tools |
3. Soil |
10. Aviation gasoline ('Avgas' for small piston engine planes |
4. Drinking water; household lead plumbing, standpipes, water mains, faucets, lead-soldered pipes |
11. Novelty jewelry, charms, medallions |
5. Parental occupations 'Take-Home' Lead (examples include construction, renovation, and demolition work, lead-paint abatement, pipe fitting and plumbing, battery manufacturing, mining, ship building or other marine work, e-scrap recycling) |
12. Herbs and dietary supplements: Imported herbal products; dietary supplements (e.g. calcium); imported spices (e.g. turmeric); candy from Mexico (the ingredient 'tamarind' may contain lead) |
6. Hazardous neighborhoods: homes located near lead-smelters, mining, nearby homes undergoing demolition, toxic waste sites, homes under bridges, homes near incinerators, battery recycling facilities |
13. Soldering cans for beverages |
7. Home renovations Novelty jewelry, charms, medallions Burning painted wood indoors Some imported toys, crayons, pewter figurines Antique cribs or furniture Aviation gasoline ('Avgas' for small piston engine planes |
14. Plants cultivated in lead contaminated soil for human consumption |