Patient characteristics

Baseline results

Age (years)

56 (48-63)

Female

30.8%

Race

African American

40.4%

Hispanic

32.8%

Caucasian

20.7%

Other

6.1%

Smoking history

53.0%

Effusion characteristics

Massive

19.7%

Malignant

64.6%

Exudative

72.7%

Right-sided

67.7%

Initial diagnosis

35.9%

Duration (weeks)

4 (2-8)

Duration > 4 weeks

70.2%

Etiologies of effusion

Renal disease

4.55%

Hepatic hydrothorax

14.14%

Heart failure

8.08%

Malignancy

64.65%

Infection

4.55%

Pancreatitis

2.02%

Other

2.02%

Comorbidities

Anemia (Hgb < 10 g/dL)

27.8%

Atrial fibrillation

9.1%

Chronic renal disease

15.7%

Cirrhosis

18.7%

Coronary disease

11.6%

Diabetes

26.3%

Heart failure

13.6%

Hypertension

49.0%

Hypoalbuminemia (Albumin < 2.5 g/dL)

18.7%

Obesity

22.2%