List of sources of stem cells. Their advantages and disadvantages.

Table 2: List of sources of stem cells. Their advantages and disadvantages.

Stem cell type	Sources	Advantages	Disadvantages
Embryonic	Cells from human blastocysts	Pluripotent	Requires embryo destruction
Fetal stem cells	Cells from gonads of aborted fetuses	Multipotent	Requires destruction of weeks old fetus
Umbilical cord stem cells	Cells from the umbilical cord blood of newborns	Multipotent/Pluripotent?	Low frequency of stem cells
Placenta-derived stem cells	Cells from the placenta of newborns	Multipotent/Pluripotent?	Low frequency (but higher than cord blood)
Adult stem cells	Cells from adult tissues	Multipotent	Very low frequency
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells	Cells from adult tissues reprogramed to pluripotency	Pluripotent	Not patentable

The stem cells are the promising tools addressing generation of beta-like cells/ISC (Insulin secreting cells) as well as immunomodulation (Figure 2) [25].