Table 4: Changes in clinical and laboratory parameters during the intervention. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
Placebo (n = 17) | Creatine (n = 22) | Repeated series ANOVA | ||||||
Anthropometric and clinical variables | ||||||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | Baseline | 30.1 | ± | 3.9 | 29.3 | ± | 4.5 | |
End | 30.3 | ± | 4.0 | 29.5 | ± | 4.7 | No significant effect | |
Delta | -0.1 | ± | 0.4† | -0.2 | ± | 0.9 | ||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Baseline | 133.6 | ± | 15.1 | 129.1 | ± | 16.0 | |
End | 126.5 | ± | 12.5 | 127.8 | ± | 11.9 | No significant effect | |
Delta | 7.2 | ± | 11.3 | 1.4 | ± | 14.6 | ||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Baseline | 75.8 | ± | 5.8 | 74.1 | ± | 8.1 | |
End | 71.1 | ± | 6.6 | 73.5 | ± | 7.3 | Intervention effect p = 0.03 | |
Delta | 4.7 | ± | 5.3 | 0.6 | ± | 7.3 | No significant group effect | |
Mini nutritional assessment | Baseline | 26.3 | ± | 2.7 | 26.4 | ± | 2.8 | |
(total score) | End | 26.2 | ± | 2.2 | 26.9 | ± | 2.3 | No significant effect |
Delta | 0.1 | ± | 2.2 | -0.5 | ± | 2.1 | ||
Waist circumference (cm) | Baseline | 96.4 | ± | 7.9 | 97.9 | ± | 11.2 | |
End | 98.8 | ± | 7.4 | 99.2 | ± | 11.3 | Intervention effect p < 0.01 | |
Delta | -2.4 | ± | 3.0 | -1.3 | ± | 2.8 | No significant group effect | |
Hip circumference (cm) | Baseline | 105.5 | ± | 8.0 | 105.1 | ± | 9.1 | |
End | 105.1 | ± | 8.2 | 103.5 | ± | 8.7 | Intervention effect p = 0.02 | |
Delta | 0.4 | ± | 2.7 | 1.6 | ± | 2.5 | No significant group effect | |
Muscle strength and functional variables | ||||||||
Right quadriceps torque (N) | Baseline | 225.4 | ± | 35.1 | 255.7 | ± | 65.6 | |
End | 255.3 | ± | 50.6 | 278.6 | ± | 53.9 | Intervention effect p < 0.01 | |
Delta | -29.9 | ± | 40.9 | -22.9 | ± | 45.8 | No significant group effect | |
Left quadriceps torque (N) | Baseline | 232.8 | ± | 56.9 | 274.1 | ± | 64.1¶ | |
End | 248.4 | ± | 45.5 | 285.6 | ± | 69.6 | No significant effect | |
Delta | -15.6 | ± | 35.6 | -11.5 | ± | 58.2 | ||
Right hand grip strength (kg) | Baseline | 22.6 | ± | 4.3 | 22.4 | ± | 4.5 | |
End | 22.4 | ± | 4.2 | 22.2 | ± | 3.5 | No significant effect | |
Delta | 0.2 | ± | 3.7 | 0.2 | ± | 2.9 | ||
Left hand grip strength (kg) | Baseline | 22.2 | ± | 3.6 | 20.4 | ± | 3.1 | |
End | 21.6 | ± | 4.2 | 20.5 | ± | 2.8 | No significant effect | |
Delta | 0.6 | ± | 3.5 | -0.1 | ± | 2.1 | NS | |
Timed up and go (sec) | Baseline | 7.1 | ± | 0.8 | 7.2 | ± | 0.8 | |
End | 7.2 | ± | 0.9 | 6.9 | ± | 0.8 | No significant effect | |
Delta | -0.1 | ± | 0.7 | 0.3 | ± | 0.5 | ||
Twelve minutes' walk (m) | Baseline | 943.4 | ± | 135.5 | 1009.6 | ± | 99.4 | |
End | 1087.5 | ± | 108.0 | 1091.4 | ± | 101.1 | Intervention effect p < 0.01§ | |
Delta | -144.1 | ± | 98.5 | -81.8 | ± | 128.6 | No significant group effect | |
Body composition | ||||||||
Total fat free mass (kg) | Baseline | 35.4 | ± | 4.8 | 36.3 | ± | 4.3 | |
End | 35.9 | ± | 5.2 | 37.0 | ± | 4.3 | Intervention effect p < 0.01 | |
Delta | -0.5 | ± | 0.7 | -0-6 | ± | 0.9 | No significant group effect | |
Appendicular fat free mass (kg) | Baseline | 14.3 | ± | 2.5 | 14.5 | ± | 2.4 | |
End | 14.9 | ± | 2.5 | 15.1 | ± | 2.2 | Intervention effect p < 0.01 | |
Delta | -0.5 | ± | 0.4 | -0.5 | ± | 0.5 | No significant group effect | |
Total fat mass (kg) | Baseline | 32.1 | ± | 7.3 | 31.4 | 8.0 | ||
End | 31.8 | ± | 7.2 | 31.2 | 8.7 | No significant effect | ||
Delta | 0.3 | ± | 0.6 | -0.1 | 1.7 | |||
Appendicular fat mass (kg) | Baseline | 12.8 | ± | 3.5 | 12.6 | 2.9 | ||
End | 12.6 | ± | 3.5 | 12.3 | 3 | Intervention effect p < 0.01 | ||
Delta | 0.2 | ± | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | No significant group effect | ||
Muscle ultrasound | ||||||||
Right rectus femoris thickness (cm) | Baseline | 17.7 | ± | 2.9 | 17.5 | ± | 2.0 | |
End | 17.6 | ± | 2.8 | 17.5 | ± | 2.0 | No significant effect | |
Delta | 0.1 | ± | 2.1 | 0.0 | ± | 1.4 | ||
Left rectus femoris thickness (cm) | Baseline | 16.2 | ± | 2.8 | 16.3 | ± | 2.0 | |
End | 16.1 | ± | 2.7 | 16.8 | ± | 2.4 | No significant effect | |
Delta | 0.1 | ± | 2.0 | -0.5 | ± | 1.6 |
†= Delta= initial-final value (calculated with individual values, main not coincide with the difference of mean values)
§ = Intervention effect means that the whole intervention (supplement plus exercise) had an effect, but no differences per group were detected.