Table 4: Changes in clinical and laboratory parameters during the intervention. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

Group
Placebo (n = 17) Creatine (n = 22) Repeated series ANOVA
Anthropometric and clinical variables
Body mass index (kg/m2) Baseline 30.1 ± 3.9 29.3 ± 4.5
End 30.3 ± 4.0 29.5 ± 4.7 No significant effect
Delta -0.1 ± 0.4† -0.2 ± 0.9
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) Baseline 133.6 ± 15.1 129.1 ± 16.0
End 126.5 ± 12.5 127.8 ± 11.9 No significant effect
Delta 7.2 ± 11.3 1.4 ± 14.6
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) Baseline 75.8 ± 5.8 74.1 ± 8.1
End 71.1 ± 6.6 73.5 ± 7.3 Intervention effect p = 0.03
Delta 4.7 ± 5.3 0.6 ± 7.3 No significant group effect
Mini nutritional assessment Baseline 26.3 ± 2.7 26.4 ± 2.8
(total score) End 26.2 ± 2.2 26.9 ± 2.3 No significant effect
Delta 0.1 ± 2.2 -0.5 ± 2.1
Waist circumference (cm) Baseline 96.4 ± 7.9 97.9 ± 11.2
End 98.8 ± 7.4 99.2 ± 11.3 Intervention effect p < 0.01
Delta -2.4 ± 3.0 -1.3 ± 2.8 No significant group effect
Hip circumference (cm) Baseline 105.5 ± 8.0 105.1 ± 9.1
End 105.1 ± 8.2 103.5 ± 8.7 Intervention effect p = 0.02
Delta 0.4 ± 2.7 1.6 ± 2.5 No significant group effect
Muscle strength and functional variables
Right quadriceps torque (N) Baseline 225.4 ± 35.1 255.7 ± 65.6
End 255.3 ± 50.6 278.6 ± 53.9 Intervention effect p < 0.01
Delta -29.9 ± 40.9 -22.9 ± 45.8 No significant group effect
Left quadriceps torque (N) Baseline 232.8 ± 56.9 274.1 ± 64.1
End 248.4 ± 45.5 285.6 ± 69.6 No significant effect
Delta -15.6 ± 35.6 -11.5 ± 58.2
Right hand grip strength (kg) Baseline 22.6 ± 4.3 22.4 ± 4.5
End 22.4 ± 4.2 22.2 ± 3.5 No significant effect
Delta 0.2 ± 3.7 0.2 ± 2.9
Left hand grip strength (kg) Baseline 22.2 ± 3.6 20.4 ± 3.1
End 21.6 ± 4.2 20.5 ± 2.8 No significant effect
Delta 0.6 ± 3.5 -0.1 ± 2.1 NS
Timed up and go (sec) Baseline 7.1 ± 0.8 7.2 ± 0.8
End 7.2 ± 0.9 6.9 ± 0.8 No significant effect
Delta -0.1 ± 0.7 0.3 ± 0.5
Twelve minutes' walk (m) Baseline 943.4 ± 135.5 1009.6 ± 99.4
End 1087.5 ± 108.0 1091.4 ± 101.1 Intervention effect p < 0.01§
Delta -144.1 ± 98.5 -81.8 ± 128.6 No significant group effect
Body composition
Total fat free mass (kg) Baseline 35.4 ± 4.8 36.3 ± 4.3
End 35.9 ± 5.2 37.0 ± 4.3 Intervention effect p < 0.01
Delta -0.5 ± 0.7 -0-6 ± 0.9 No significant group effect
Appendicular fat free mass (kg) Baseline 14.3 ± 2.5 14.5 ± 2.4
End 14.9 ± 2.5 15.1 ± 2.2 Intervention effect p < 0.01
Delta -0.5 ± 0.4 -0.5 ± 0.5 No significant group effect
Total fat mass (kg) Baseline 32.1 ± 7.3 31.4 8.0
End 31.8 ± 7.2 31.2 8.7 No significant effect
Delta 0.3 ± 0.6 -0.1 1.7
Appendicular fat mass (kg) Baseline 12.8 ± 3.5 12.6 2.9
End 12.6 ± 3.5 12.3 3 Intervention effect p < 0.01
Delta 0.2 ± 0.4 0.3 0.5 No significant group effect
Muscle ultrasound
Right rectus femoris thickness (cm) Baseline 17.7 ± 2.9 17.5 ± 2.0
End 17.6 ± 2.8 17.5 ± 2.0 No significant effect
Delta 0.1 ± 2.1 0.0 ± 1.4
Left rectus femoris thickness (cm) Baseline 16.2 ± 2.8 16.3 ± 2.0
End 16.1 ± 2.7 16.8 ± 2.4 No significant effect
Delta 0.1 ± 2.0 -0.5 ± 1.6

†= Delta= initial-final value (calculated with individual values, main not coincide with the difference of mean values)

§ = Intervention effect means that the whole intervention (supplement plus exercise) had an effect, but no differences per group were detected.