Table 1: Descriptive statistics for the sample.

Males (n = 76) Females (n = 35) p-value t-value Effect size (d or OR)
Participant characteristics
Age 15.0 (1.5) 15.1 (1.7) 0.73 -0.34 0.07
Sport < 0.01 NC
Football 48 (64.9%) 1 (2.9%)
Soccer 6 (8.1%) 9 (25.7%)
Basketball 7 (9.5%) 10 (28.6%)
Wrestling 3 (4.1%) 1 (2.9%)
Swimming 1 (1.4%) 1 (2.9%)
Rugby 1 (1.4%) 0
Hockey 1 (1.4%) 0
Cheerleading 0 3 (8.6%)
Volleyball 0 2 (5.7%)
Baseball/Softball 0 1 (2.9%)
Lacrosse 0 1 (2.9%)
Other 7 (9.5%) 6 (17.1%)
Participant medical history
History of previous concussion (yes) 22 (29.0%) 14 (40%) 0.25 1.64
History of headaches (yes) 15 (19.7%) 12 (34.3%) 0.10 2.12
Psychiatric condition (yes) 1 (1.3%) 7 (20.0%) < 0.01 18.75
History of ADHD (yes) 10 (13.2%) 3 (8.6%) 0.49 0.62
Clinical characteristics
Number of days between concussion and assessment 8.6 (6.3) 9.8 (15.1) 0.65 -0.46 0.09
PCSS score at initial visit 15.4 (16.1) 34.7 (25.4) < 0.01 -3.06 0.63
Medical recommendations provided
Academic accommodations (yes) 44 (57.9%) 31 (88.6%) 0.01 5.28
School restrictions (yes) 42 (55.3%) 29 (82.9%) 0.03 3.68
No school/work 23 (30.7%) 22 (66.7%)
Shortened day 18 (24.0%) 6 (18.2%)
Sports restrictions (yes) 61 (80.3%) 35 (100%) < 0.001 17.89
No sports/physical education 52 (68.4%) 32 (91.4%)
Low intensity physical activity only 9 (11.8%) 2 (5.7%)
Number of days of treatment until:
Return to play 18.0 44.3 0.002 -3.35 0.68
Return to learn 8.0 23.9 < 0.001 -4.48 0.92

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder = ADHD; Post Concussion Scale = PCSS; Psychiatric condition included anxiety disorder; depression; and bipolar disorder; History of headaches includes history of migraines; T-tests completed on continuous variables, Chi-Square analyses completed on categorical/binomial variables. Significant differences are based on alpha < 0.05; point estimate of effect sizes for differences between males and females calculated as d for continuous variables based on the t-statistic and Odds Ratios for dichotomous variables with males as the referent.