Table 2: A summary of investigations of the bony axes of the knee.
First author |
TT-TG |
Medial PTS |
Lateral PTS |
Flexion |
Insall-salvati |
Rotation |
Valgus |
Cinotti [36] |
ND |
ND |
|||||
Haddad [36] |
F |
F |
|||||
Hudek [36] |
F |
ND |
|||||
Lustig [36] |
ND |
ND |
|||||
Ristic [36] |
ND |
ND |
|||||
Zhang [45] |
ND |
ND |
|||||
Alemparte [53] |
ND |
||||||
Dickschas [48] |
ND |
||||||
Pandit [49] |
ND |
||||||
Skelley [50] |
F |
||||||
Ariumi [11] |
M |
ND |
|||||
Shabshin [9] |
F |
||||||
Tao [12] |
MT |
||||||
Akagi [10] |
F |
||||||
Han [51] |
ND |
ND |
|||||
Cinotti [21] |
ND |
ND |
|||||
Balcarek [37] |
F |
||||||
Hashemi [8] |
F |
F |
|||||
Van Diek [52] |
ND |
ND |
|||||
Moghtadaei [46] |
NDF |
||||||
Raju [47] |
NDF |
||||||
SUMMARY |
Split between no sex difference and greater in females |
7/10 studies say no sex difference |
8/10 studies say no sex difference |
Males exhibited greater degree of knee flexion |
Females have different normal curve of Insall-Salvati ratio with higher values |
No difference in femoral rotation; males have greater tibial rotation |
Females have greater degree of knee valgus |
ND: No statistical difference; F: Greater/larger in females; M: Greater/larger in males; MT: Greater tibial rotation in males; NDF: No difference in femur rotation.