Table 2: A summary of investigations of the bony axes of the knee.

First author

TT-TG

Medial PTS

Lateral PTS

Flexion

Insall-salvati

Rotation

Valgus

Cinotti [36]

ND

ND

Haddad [36]

F

F

Hudek [36]

F

ND

Lustig [36]

ND

ND

Ristic [36]

ND

ND

Zhang [45]

ND

ND

Alemparte [53]

ND

Dickschas [48]

ND

Pandit [49]

ND

Skelley [50]

F

Ariumi [11]

M

ND

Shabshin [9]

F

Tao [12]

MT

Akagi [10]

F

Han [51]

ND

ND

Cinotti [21]

ND

ND

Balcarek [37]

F

Hashemi [8]

F

F

Van Diek [52]

ND

ND

Moghtadaei [46]

NDF

Raju [47]

NDF

SUMMARY

Split between no sex difference and greater in females

7/10 studies say no sex difference

8/10 studies say no sex difference

Males exhibited greater degree of knee flexion

Females have different normal curve of Insall-Salvati ratio with higher values

No difference in femoral rotation; males have greater tibial rotation

Females have greater degree of knee valgus

ND: No statistical difference; F: Greater/larger in females; M: Greater/larger in males; MT: Greater tibial rotation in males; NDF: No difference in femur rotation.