Table 5: A summary of investigations of the patella.

First author

Patella height

Patella width

Patella thickness

Patella bone volume

Patella SA

Patella width to thickness ratio

Patella morphology sex model

Balcarek [37]

ND

Berry [66]

M

Lee [85]

M

M

Huang [30]

Ma

Ma

Ma

ND

Mahfouz [32]

93.51% accurate

Mahfouz [31]

96% accurate

Shang [41]

M

M

M

Yoo [87]

M

M

M

SUMMARY

Majority show greater height in males

All show greater width in males, even after adjustment

All show greater thickness in males, even after adjustment

Greater in males

Greater in males

No sex difference

3d modeling has high sex identification accuracy

ND: No statistical difference; F: Greater/larger in females; M: Greater/larger in males; Xa: With adjustments (such as weight, height, BMI, bone length); Xb: Without adjustments (such as weight, height, BMI, bone length).