Table
1: Type of vaccines for fungal disease and their mechanisms of protection.
Type of vaccines of |
Fungal diseases |
Antigens |
Mechanism(s) of protection |
Reference |
Whole Cells and Cell Extract |
Candidiasis |
Strain CA2, live-attenuated |
T-helper 1, cell-mediated immunity |
|
Genetically engineered Candida albicans
tet-NRG1 strain, live-attenuated |
T-cell mediated immunity |
[42] |
||
Ribosomal Cell fraction |
Antibodies and cell-mediated immunity |
|||
Inactivated whole cells |
Undefined |
[45] |
||
Hyr1p |
Cell mediated immunity |
[46] |
||
Blastomycosis Coccidioidomycosis |
Strain BAD1, live-attenuated |
T-helper 1, cell-mediated immunity |
[47] |
|
Inactivated spherules |
T-helper 1, cell-mediated immunity |
|||
Thimerosal-inactivated spherules (T27K) |
Undefined |
[49] |
||
Genetically engineered strain,
live-attenuated |
T-helper 1, T-helper 2, cell-mediated
immunity |
[50] |
||
Heat-killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (HKY) |
Undefined |
[51] |
||
Aspergillosis |
Inactivated Conidia |
Undefined |
[52] |
|
Live attenuated conidia |
Undefined |
[53] |
||
Histoplasmosis |
Ribosomal Vaccine |
Undefined |
[54] |
|
DNA |
Coccidioidomycosis |
More than one gene |
Undefined |
[55] |
Para coccidioidomycosis |
gp43 gene |
T-helper 1, T-helper 2, cell-mediated
immunity |
[56] |
|
HSP65 DNA |
T-helper 1 |
[57] |
||
Pneumocystis |
Kexin gene |
Cell-mediated immunity and antibodies |
[58] |
|
Antigen-pulsed cells and T cells |
Candidiasis |
Dendritic cell loaded with candida antigens |
T-helper 1, cell-mediated immunity |
|
Aspergillus |
Dendritic cell loaded with candida antigens |
T-helper 1, cell-mediated immunity |
||
Antigen-specific T cells |
||||
Coccidioidomycosis |
Dendritic cell based
vaccine |
Undefined |
[62] |
|
Subunit and Glycoconjugates |
Candidiasis |
Agglutinin-like sequences |
Cell-mediated immunity |
[63] |
ecm33 mutant (RML2U) |
Undefined |
|||
Secreted aspartic proteinase2 |
Anti-Sap2 antibodies |
[66] |
||
65 kDa
mannoprotein |
Adhesin-neutralizing antibodies |
[67] |
||
Beta-1, 3-glucan |
Cell-mediated immunity |
|||
Beta-1, 2-mannosides |
Antibodies (opsonophagocytic; possibly
adherence-blocking) |
|||
CR3-RP glycoconjugate |
Cell-mediated immunity |
[72] |
||
Cryptococcosis |
Capsular polysaccharides |
Various mechanisms |
[73] |
|
Glucuronoxylomannan-conjugated vaccine |
Unknown, possibly antibodies |
[73] |
||
Aspergillosis |
Aspergillus fumigatus antigens |
Cell-mediated immunity |
||
Beta-1, 3-glucan |
Growth inhibitors, antibodies |
[74] |
||
Coccidioidomycosis |
Antigen2 |
Cell-mediated immunity, T-helper 1 |
[75] |
|
Beta-1, 3-glucosyltransferases |
Undefined |
[57] |
||
Chimeric polyprotein |
Undefined |
|||
Pneumocystis |
P55 protein (major surface glycoprotein) |
Undefined, possibly antibodies |
[77] |
|
Kexin protease |
Cell-mediated immunity and antibodies |
[57] |
||
Para coccidioidomycosis |
43 kDa
glycoprotein |
Cell-mediated immunity and antibodies |
[55] |
|
HSP60 |
Cell-mediated immunity |
[78] |
||
Idiotypes and mimotopes |
Candidiasis |
Killer toxin neutralizing mAbKT4 |
Fungicidal antibodies |
|
Aspergillosis |
Killer toxin neutralizing mAbKT4 |
Fungicidal antibodies |
[80] |
|
Cryptococcosis |
Glucuronoxylomannan-peptide mimotopes |
Antibodies modulating cell-mediated
immunity |
[81] |
|
P13 peptide mimotope-protein conjugates |
T-helper 1, T-helper 2, cell-mediated
immunity |
[82] |
||
Antibodies |
Candidiasis |
Mycograb, anti-Hsp90 peptide |
Unknown |
|
Anti-CA IgY |
Inhibition of adhesion to host cells |
[85] |
||
Anti-beta-1, 3-glucan mAb
2G8 |
Growth-inhibitory |
|||
mAb C7 (stress mannoprotein) |
Candidacidal |
[86] |
||
Single chain fragment variable of
anti-idiotypic antibodies |
Candidacidal antibodies |
[80] |
||
Anti-mannan mAb
C6 |
Opsonophagocytic |
|||
Anti-glycosyl mAb |
Candidacidal |
[87] |
||
Anti-Sap2 and anti-MP65domain antibodies |
Enzyme and adhesion neutralizing |
[88] |
||
Cryptococcosis |
Single chain fragment variable |
Inhibits glucan synthase |
[89] |
|
Anti-glucuronoxylomannan 18B7-mAb (murine) |
Opsonophagocytic |
[90] |
||
Anti-glucuronoxylomannan IgG2-mAb (human) |
Opsonophagocytic |
[91] |
||
Histoplasmosis |
Antibody against histone-like protein |
Undefined |
[92] |
|
Synthetic, recombinant and conjugate
vaccines |
Candidiasis |
beta-(Man)(3)-Fba,beta-(Man)(3)-Met6, beta-(Man)(3)-Hwp1, beta-(Man)(3)-Eno1,
beta-(Man)(3)-Gap1,beta-(Man)(3)-Pgk1 |
Unknown |
[93] |
Coccidioidomycosis |
Recombinant Ag2/PRA106 + CSA chimeric
fusion protein (CFP) vaccine |
Cell-mediated immunity |
[94] |
|
Recombinant proline-rich antigen (rAg2/Pra) |
T cell-mediated immunity |
[95] |
||
Para coccidioidomycosis |
Antigenic protein (rPb27) |
Cell-mediated immunity and antibodies |
[96] |