Nanoparticle

Mechanism(s)

Reference

Carbon nanotubes

ROS, protein expression, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis

[17,19]

Fullerenes

Oxidative stress, cytoskeletal, Changes, mitochondrial disruption

[24,26]

Silver

Apoptosis, necrosis

[32]

Gold

DNA damage, Oxidative stress, apoptosis

[39,40]

Cadmium

Autophagy, oxidative stress

[44,45,47]

Zinc

ROS, genotoxicity

[49,50,51]

Copper

Apoptosis, oxidative stress

[58,59]

Iron

Cell growth inhibition, oxidative stress

[69]

Silica

Oxidative stress, NFkB signalling pathway

[77,78,80]

Titanium

Oxidative stress

[90]