Study Type

Route of Exposure

Typical Dosage

Effects Observed

Acute Toxicity [Rodents]

Oral or Injection

500 mg/kg to 2000 mg/kg

Lethal dose, sub-lethal effects, acute liver and kidney damage

Chronic Toxicity [Rodents]

Oral [Daily]

50 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg/day

Endocrine disruption, testicular and ovarian toxicity, liver damage

Developmental/Reproductive

Oral [Prenatal]

10 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg/day

Testicular atrophy, impaired sperm quality, reduced fertility

Endocrine Disruption

Oral or In Vitro [Cell Culture]

10-100 mg/kg/day [oral]

Or

 1 µM to 100 µM [cell culture]

Decreased testosterone, altered oestrogen levels, thyroid disruption

Neurotoxicity

Oral or Injection

50-500 mg/kg/day

Altered brain morphology, cognitive impairments in offspring

Cardio toxicity

Oral or Injection

100 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg/day

Heart damage, hypertension, altered heart rate variability