Effects of plastic wastes on animals and their mechanism(s) of action.

Table 3: Effects of plastic wastes on animals and their mechanism(s) of action.

Species	Specie variant	Plastic type	Effects
Sea Bird	Greater Shearwater	Plastic bottle cap	Starvation due to gastrointestinal obstruction
Sea Bird	Magellanic penguin	Fragments, line and straws	Stomach perforation
Sea Turtles	Green sea turtles	Plastic bags and other debris	Impediment of hatchling movement towards the sea, exposure to predators
Sea Turtles	Leatherback turtle	Plastic bags and debris	Blocked and injures cloaca, impedes laying of eggs
Fish	Bigeye tuna	Fragment line	Ingestion of plastic fragments
	Japanese medaka	Particulate plastic	Hepatic stress from exposure to plastic pollutant
	Orchid dottyback	Plastic bags	Leached nonophenol additives caused mortality
	Larva Perch	Microplastic particles	Inhibited hatching, decreased growth rate and altered behavior
Mammals	Fur seal	Plastic particles	Bioaccumulation of particulate plastic from prey fish
	Sperm Whale	Plastic bags and debris	Stomach rupture and starvation
	Australia Sea lion	Plastic fishing gear	Entanglement caused mortality
Invertebrates	Urchin larva	Polyethylene pellets	Plastic leachates caused abdominal development
	Mussels	Microplastic particles	Accumulation of microplastic in circulatory system
	Oyster	Microplastic particles	Interference with energy uptake and reproduction
	Norway lobster	Plastic strands and particles	Ingestion and accumulation of plastics in the gut

Source: Worm, et al. [15].