Serum levels (pg/ml) of activation markers in various co-infected subgroups of HIV-1 positive donors.

Table 3: Serum levels (pg/ml) of activation markers in various co-infected subgroups of HIV-1 positive donors.

Activation markers

Subgroups of various co-infections in HIV-1 +ve donors

HPgV +ve

(n = 60)

TTV +ve

(n = 48)

HPgV -ve/TTV -ve

(n = 54)

Rep

(n = 38)

Vol

(n = 22)

Rep

(n = 16)

Vol

(n = 32)

Rep

(n = 19)

Vol

(n = 35)

HPgV viremia on follow up

Total

(n = 38)

Neg

(n = 24)

Pos

(n = 14)

TNFα

Mean

8.4

4.2

3.2^a

4.5

1.4

0.43

0.47^b

6.4

2.3

3.1

0.8

7.1

1.8

0.8

Mean

5.8

3.2

9.4

2.3^a

3.7

1.1

0.87

0.4^b

4.6

1.9

5.12

0.89

4.8

1.3

6.9

0.8

TNFRI

Mean

11.5

7.4

20.1

4.6^a

6.6

2.1

2.9

1.7^b

10.7

3.6

6.1

1.57

9.4

2.1

6.6

1.4

Mean

8.8

6.5

16.8

2.8^a

4.1

1.4

3.2

1.5^b

7.9

2.9

6.5

1.6

6.7

2.1

8.6

1.4

TNFRII

Mean

15.9

12.3

31.1

5.9^a

7.1

1.8

4.9

1.7^b

22.8

15.2

11.5

3.6

26.2

8.7

12.8

4.2

Mean

10.6

7.5

19.9

3.5^a

5.3

1.2

6.0

1.7^b

14.4

3.8

12.9

4.8

15.1

4.12

15.8

4.6

Statistical comparisons: a: Significantly higher value vs. Pos (p < 0.001) at enrollment (En) as well as on follow up (Fu); b: Significantly lower value in voluntary (Vol) category of donors in HPgV co-infected subgroup vs. similar category of donors in other subgroups (p values < 0.001) at enrollment (En) as well as on follow up (Fu)

Note: The mean ± SD (pg/ml) values for serum levels of TNF-α, TNFRI and TNFRII in non-donor controls (n = 50) were 2 ± 0.5, 1.5 ± 0.3 and 2 ± 0.4 respectively.