Table 2: Multilevel models (odds ratios) estimating antenatal care visits, Nepal 2011 (N = 4,018).

 

Measures

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Explanatory variables

 

 

 

Who decides on women's health care

(Ref = Husband only)

 

 

 

    Women alone

1.35*

-

-

    Husband and wife both

1.42***

-

-

     Others

1.07

-

-

Who decides on household purchases?

 (Ref = Husband only)

 

 

 

    Women alone

-

1.32*

-

    Husband and wife both

-

1.24+

-

     Others

-

1.22

-

Who decides on visits to family or relatives?

(Ref = Husband only)

 

 

 

    Women alone

-

-

1.32*

    Husband and wife both

-

-

1.25+

     Others

-

-

1.29*

Controls

 

 

 

    Mother’s age (years)

1.04

1.05

1.06

    Mother’s age squared

1.00

1.00

1.00

Education (Ref = No education)

 

 

 

    Primary

1.75***

1.75***

1.77***

    Secondary

2.28***

2.34***

2.37***

    Higher education

7.32***

7.55***

7.57***

    Number of children ever born

0.81***

0.81***

0.81***

    Currently living with spouse/partner (Yes = 1)

0.83+

0.87

0.87

Occupation (Ref = Not working)

 

 

 

    Professional, clerical, service

1.02

1.05

1.04

    Agriculture

0.90

0.89

0.89

    Others (skilled, unskilled and others)

1.16

1.18

1.17

Caste/ethnicity: (Ref = Bahun/Chhetri)

 

 

 

    Terai Others

0.69+

0.67+

0.67+

    Hill Dalit

1.12

1.10

1.11

    Terai Dalit

0.55*

0.55*

0.55*

    Newar

1.39

1.37

1.38

    Hill Janajati

0.69***

0.69***

0.69**

    TeraiJanajati

1.23

1.21

1.21

    Muslims

0.67

0.66

0.67

Husband’s education (Ref = No education)

 

 

 

    Primary

1.32*

1.32*

1.31*

    Secondary

1.70***

1.67***

1.65***

    Higher

1.46*

1.45*

1.43+*

Husband’s occupation (Ref = Agriculture)

 

 

 

    Professional/clerical

1.35*

1.33*

1.36*

    Service

1.30*

1.29*

1.31*

    Skilled manual

1.06

1.05

1.06

    Unskilled manual

0.98

0.98

0.99

     Others (others and don’t know)

0.76

0.75

0.75

Wealth Index (Ref = Lowest quartile)

 

 

 

   Second

1.05

1.05

1.05

   Third

1.32*

1.32*

1.32*

   Fourth

1.71***

1.68***

1.66**

    Highest quartile

2.54***

2.52***

2.49***

     Distance to health facility:  A big problem (Yes = 1)

0.80*

0.81*

0.80*

Geo-ecological regions

 

 

 

   Hill

0.96

0.96

0.96

   Terai

0.84

0.82

0.84

Rural-urban residence

 

 

 

   Rural

1.02

1.00

0.99

   Intercept

0.39

0.34

0.30

   Generalized chi-square

3557.12

3554.61

3559.67

   -2 Res log pseudo-likelihood

18642.15

18624.97

18626.96

 

  +p < .10, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001