Table 2: Multilevel models
(odds ratios) estimating antenatal care visits, Nepal 2011 (N = 4,018).
Measures |
Model
1 |
Model
2 |
Model
3 |
Explanatory variables |
|
|
|
Who
decides on women's health care (Ref =
Husband only) |
|
|
|
Women
alone |
1.35* |
- |
- |
Husband
and wife both |
1.42*** |
- |
- |
Others |
1.07 |
- |
- |
Who
decides on household purchases? (Ref = Husband only) |
|
|
|
Women
alone |
- |
1.32* |
- |
Husband
and wife both |
- |
1.24+ |
- |
Others |
- |
1.22 |
- |
Who
decides on visits to family or relatives? (Ref =
Husband only) |
|
|
|
Women
alone |
- |
- |
1.32* |
Husband
and wife both |
- |
- |
1.25+ |
Others |
- |
- |
1.29* |
Controls |
|
|
|
Mother’s
age (years) |
1.04 |
1.05 |
1.06 |
Mother’s
age squared |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Education
(Ref = No education) |
|
|
|
Primary |
1.75*** |
1.75*** |
1.77*** |
Secondary |
2.28*** |
2.34*** |
2.37*** |
Higher
education |
7.32*** |
7.55*** |
7.57*** |
Number
of children ever born |
0.81*** |
0.81*** |
0.81*** |
Currently
living with spouse/partner (Yes = 1) |
0.83+ |
0.87 |
0.87 |
Occupation
(Ref = Not working) |
|
|
|
Professional, clerical, service |
1.02 |
1.05 |
1.04 |
Agriculture |
0.90 |
0.89 |
0.89 |
Others
(skilled, unskilled and others) |
1.16 |
1.18 |
1.17 |
Caste/ethnicity:
(Ref = Bahun/Chhetri) |
|
|
|
Terai Others |
0.69+ |
0.67+ |
0.67+ |
Hill
Dalit |
1.12 |
1.10 |
1.11 |
Terai Dalit |
0.55* |
0.55* |
0.55* |
Newar |
1.39 |
1.37 |
1.38 |
Hill Janajati |
0.69*** |
0.69*** |
0.69** |
TeraiJanajati |
1.23 |
1.21 |
1.21 |
Muslims |
0.67 |
0.66 |
0.67 |
Husband’s
education (Ref = No education) |
|
|
|
Primary |
1.32* |
1.32* |
1.31* |
Secondary |
1.70*** |
1.67*** |
1.65*** |
Higher |
1.46* |
1.45* |
1.43+* |
Husband’s
occupation (Ref = Agriculture) |
|
|
|
Professional/clerical |
1.35* |
1.33* |
1.36* |
Service |
1.30* |
1.29* |
1.31* |
Skilled
manual |
1.06 |
1.05 |
1.06 |
Unskilled
manual |
0.98 |
0.98 |
0.99 |
Others
(others and don’t know) |
0.76 |
0.75 |
0.75 |
Wealth
Index (Ref = Lowest quartile) |
|
|
|
Second |
1.05 |
1.05 |
1.05 |
Third |
1.32* |
1.32* |
1.32* |
Fourth |
1.71*** |
1.68*** |
1.66** |
Highest
quartile |
2.54*** |
2.52*** |
2.49*** |
Distance to health facility: A big problem (Yes = 1) |
0.80* |
0.81* |
0.80* |
Geo-ecological regions |
|
|
|
Hill |
0.96 |
0.96 |
0.96 |
Terai |
0.84 |
0.82 |
0.84 |
Rural-urban residence |
|
|
|
Rural |
1.02 |
1.00 |
0.99 |
Intercept |
0.39 |
0.34 |
0.30 |
Generalized
chi-square |
3557.12 |
3554.61 |
3559.67 |
-2 Res
log pseudo-likelihood |
18642.15 |
18624.97 |
18626.96 |
+p < .10,
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001