Table 2: Univariate analysis of personnel characteristics factors affecting of the development of DN.

Clinical characteristics	b^a	Crude OR (95% CI)	P value
Gender Male Female	0 1.12	1 3.07 (1.88,5.02)	- < 0.001
Race Malay Non-Malay	0 0.38	1 1.46 (0.76,2.81)	- 0.248
Age	0.13	1.14 (1.11,1.18)	< 0.001
Physical activity Active ≥ 150 min/wk Non active < 150 min/wk	0 0.45	1 1.57 (1.04,2.38)	- 0.031
Level of education ≥ Secondary school < Secondary school	0 0.90	1 2.45 (1.59,3.78)	- < 0.001
Smoking Non smoker Smoker	0 0.79	1 2.22 (1.01,4.89)	- 0.047
Alcohol drinking Non alcohol drinker Alcohol drinker	0 -0.03	1 0.71 (0.16,3.18)	- 0.657
Family history of diabetes No Yes	0 -0.42	1 0.65 (0.38,1.13)	- 0.129

OR: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval

^aSimple logistic regression ( outcome as nephropathy complication)

References category gender: male, references category race: Malay, references category physical activity: no, references category level of education: more than secondary school, references category smoking history: no, references alcohol drinking: no, references category family history: has family history of diabetic